Metal Supported Zeolite for Heavy Aromatics Transalkylation Process

Aiming at improving the catalytic activity, benzene product purity, and catalyst stability during heavy transalkylation processes, strategies invoking startup procedures and catalyst system designs are summarized and discussed in this review. In particular, recent advances in the developments and catalytic performances of the on-line sulfiding technique, the selective pre-coking startup procedure, and a versatile dual-bed catalyst system design were compared and discussed.     

Influence of calcium on cracking of steel during the welding or casting process

The influence of calcium on the brittle–ductile transition temperature is studied for the solidification range. The test bars were cast from carbon steel with and without the addition of calcium. Mechanical properties at different temperatures around the solidus were evaluated. The fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning microscope coupled with a Kevex analyser. For the modified steel, the liquid phase appears (on heating) for higher temperature while the temperature range within which fracture can nucleate, during casting or welding, is markedly narrowed. In medium-carbon steel, calcium changes the manner of fusion of the grains. The inclusions of the liquid phase form at the triple points and the surfaces of grains remain solid above the solidus temperature.     

粉煤灰及SAP对喷射混凝土早龄期开裂损伤影响

为系统研究粉煤灰、吸水保水剂(SAP)对喷射混凝土早龄期开裂损伤的影响,以掺入了粉煤灰、SAP的喷射混凝土为研究对象,对喷射混凝土的早龄期开裂损伤进行平板法试验研究。完成了各种试件的早龄期开裂损伤测试,研究了粉煤灰对喷射混凝土以及SAP对掺入20%粉煤灰喷射混凝土的早龄期开裂损伤的改善作用。试验结果表明,掺粉煤灰等量取代10%、20%水泥后,喷射混凝土的早龄期开裂损伤与基准喷射混凝土相比分别减小约7.2%和26.8%。掺0.25%SAP和0.5%SAP可以使20%粉煤灰掺量喷射混凝土的早龄期开裂损伤与基准喷射混凝土相比分别减小约57.9%和66.50%。因此,掺粉煤灰可有效地降低喷射混凝土早龄期开裂损伤,且在掺加粉煤灰的基础上再掺加适量的SAP效果会更佳。     

大孔径静态破碎膨胀压力特性及布孔参数分析

大孔径静态破碎与传统静态破碎有着显著的不同。利用电测法测量了直径40和100 mm钢管中的破碎剂膨胀压力和温度,对比分析了两种工况下的不同现象。实验表明,孔径的增加能够提高膨胀压力,加快反应速度。基于实验的数据,利用有限元方法计算了静态破碎时钻孔周围岩石介质中的应力分布。基于实验数据和有限元数值计算结果,使用数据拟合方法对静态破碎时岩石中的应力分布弹性模型进行修正,得到了应力分布方程。利用该方程推导的布孔参数计算公式,适合运用于实际工程之中。     

多酸基深度加氢脱硫催化剂的原位表征和反应性能

采用浸渍法合成了镍盐复合的磷钨酸(HPW)/纳米晶HZSM-5固体酸催化剂,其在催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢改质反应中显示出了良好地深度加氢脱硫活性。 原位电子自旋共振和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱表征手段的研究结果表明,纳米晶HZSM-5沸石上Ni(Ⅱ)结合3电子还原态的HPW(Ⅲ)是FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应的活性中心。 探讨了多酸基催化剂在FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应中活性改善的原因。     

Initiation and propagation of complex 3D networks of cracks in heterogeneous quasi-brittle materials: Direct comparison between in situ testing-microCT experiments and phase field simulations

We provide the first direct comparisons, to our knowledge, of complex 3D micro cracking initiation and propagation in heterogeneous quasi-brittle materials modelled by the phase field numerical method and observed in X-ray microtomography images recorded during in situ mechanical testing. Some material parameters of the damage model, including the process zone (internal) length, are identified by an inverse approach combining experimental data and 3D simulations. A new technique is developed to study the micro cracking at a finer scale by prescribing the local displacements measured by digital volume correlation over the boundary of a small sub-volume inside the sample during the numerical simulations. The comparisons, performed on several samples of lightweight plaster and concrete, show a remarkable quantitative agreement between the 3D crack morphology obtained by the model and by the experiments, without any a priori knowledge about the location of the initiation of the cracks in the numerical model. The results indicate that the crack paths can be predicted in a fully deterministic way in spite of the highly random geometry of the microstructure and the brittle nature of its constituents.     

以介孔分子筛为金属催化剂载体制备纳米碳管

 以不同的介孔分子筛作为金属催化剂载体,对催化合成纳米碳管进行了系统的研究,讨论了反应条件对纳米碳管纯度和产量的影响. 结果表明,不同的介孔分子筛对金属活性中心的形成、碳组分的扩散、纳米碳管的管径及形态均有明显的影响. 此外,金属的种类、状态和含量也影响纳米碳管的合成. 探索了合成高产量纳米碳管的条件,并对介孔分子筛上生长纳米碳管的特点进行了讨论.     

CFD study: Effect of pulsating flow on gas–solid hydrodynamics in FCC riser

Gas–solid flow in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser exhibits poor mixing in the form of a core–annulus flow pattern and a dense bottom/dilute top distribution of solids. To enhance gas–solid mixing, studies on dense fluidized beds have suggested using a pulsating flow of gas. The present study investigates the effect of pulsating flow on gas–solid hydrodynamics inside the FCC riser employing computational fluid dynamics. Two flow conditions are investigated: a cold flow of air-FCC catalyst in a pilot-scale riser and a reactive flow in an industrial-scale FCC riser. In the cold-flow riser, pulsating flows cause the slug flow of solids and thus increase the average solid accumulation in the flow domain and solid segregation towards the wall. In the industrial FCC riser, pulsating flows produce radial profiles that are more homogeneous. Pulsating flows further improve the conversion and yield in the initial few metres of height. At 7 m, the conversion from pulsating flow is 59%, compared with 44% in without pulsating flow. The results and analysis presented here will help optimize flow conditions in the circulating fluidized bed riser, in not only FCC but also applications such as fast pyrolysis and combustion.     

Numerical comparison of two modes of gas-solid riser operation: Fluid catalytic cracking vs CFB combustor

Two modes of gas-solid riser operation, i.e., fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC), have been recognized in literature; particularly in the understanding of choking phenomena. This work compares these two modes of operation through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In CFD simulations, the different operations are represented by fixing appropriate boundary conditions: solids flux or solids inventory. It is found that the FCC and CFBC modes generally have the same dependence of solids flux on the mean solids volume fraction or solids inventory. However, during the choking transition, the FCC mode of operation needs more time to reach a steady state; thus the FCC system may have insufficient time to respond to valve adjustments or flow state change, leading to the choking. The difference between FCC and CFBC systems is more pronounced for the systems with longer risers. A more detailed investigation of these two modes of riser operation may require a three-dimensional full loop simulation with dynamic valve adjustment.     

Cohesive modeling of transverse cracking in laminates under in-plane loading with a single layer of elements per ply

This study aims to bridge the gap between classical understanding of transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates and recent computational methods for the modeling of progressive laminate failure. Specifically, the study investigates under what conditions a finite element model with cohesive X-FEM cracks can reproduce the in situ effect for the ply strength. It is shown that it is possible to do so with a single element across the thickness of the ply, provided that the interface stiffness is properly selected. The optimal value for this interface stiffness is derived with an analytical shear lag model. It is also shown that, when the appropriate statistical variation of properties has been applied, models with a single element through the thickness of a ply can predict the density of transverse matrix cracks.