Comparative laboratory steam-cracking of different raw materials

Summary Steam cracking of several gasoline and gas oil samples was carried out under different conditions and the results are reported. Some of sample feedstocks were previously cracked in a commercial plant so the laboratory and commercial results could be compared. It was found that the laboratory reactor was more sensitive to the changes of the composition of the raw materials.     

失谐周期结构中弹性波与振动的局部化

基于弹性波传递矩阵方法，研究了失谐周期结构中弹性波与振动的局部化问题．给出了结构中弹性波传递矩阵的一般表达式，采用奇异值分解方法，分别计算了谐和与失谐周期结构中的局部化因子，并对其进行了分析讨论．对周期结构中波传播与振动局部化的分析方法可用于结构的优化设计．     

The puzzle of whip cracking – uncovered by a correlation of whip-tip kinematics with shock wave emission

During whip cracking the whip-tip reaches a supersonic velocity for a period of about 1.2 ms, thereby emitting a head wave with a parabolic-shaped geometry. A detailed study of this mechanism which encompasses the motion analysis of the whip-tip as well as the determination of the local origin of the shock emission requires a sophisticated recording technique. A pre-trigger framing high-speed video camera system was used which was triggered by an acoustical sensor and synchronized with a pulsed copper-vapour laser. The phenomena were visualized by the direct shadowgraph method and recorded cinematographically as digital images at a frame rate of 9 kHz using a CCD-matrix with pixels. The resulting series of frames allowed, for the first time, (i) a reconstruction of the whip-tip trajectory, (ii) a determination of the tuft velocity and acceleration, (iii) a correlation of whip-tip kinematics with shock wave emission, and (iv) a motion analysis of the turning and unfolding mechanism of the tuft. The tuft at the whip-tip was accelerated within a distance of about 45 cm from a Mach number of to a maximum of , thereby reaching a maximum acceleration of 50,000 g. The shock is emitted at the moment when the cracker, arriving at the turning point of the lash, is rapidly turned around. After emission of the shock wav within a short distance of only 20 cm. Received 3 March 1997 / Accepted 21 July 1997     

异质双材料粘接梁的界面端部应力及端部龟裂破坏的实验应力分析

本文采用了高灵敏度的云纹干涉法对异质双材料粘接梁在弯曲载荷作用下的位移进行了测量，用局部杂交法对界面端部区域的应变和应力进行了计算。通过对该区域内的实验应力分析发现：拉应力σｘ是影响结构强度的关键因素。本文还对在基体材料表面近角点区域可能出现的龟裂破坏的原因进行了分析。     

Improvement of environmental stress cracking resistance of polycarbonate by silicone coating

To explore the possibility of using surface coating to reduce environmental stress cracking (ESC) of transparent polycarbonate (PC) parts, silicone coated and SiO₂ coated PC were tested in a self-made three-point bending apparatus in the presence of ethanol. The variation of stress with time was recorded, and the surface cracking was observed to evaluate the ESC resistance of samples. Slower stress relaxation rates and fewer surface cracks indicated that silicone coating improved the ESC resistance of PC, but SiO₂ coated PC was found to be no better than that of uncoated PC. Silicone coating reduced the absorption of ethanol in PC, weakening the surface plasticization, thus hindering the formation and development of cracks in PC. Nanoindentation test results showed that the mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus of silicone coating are a better match for PC than SiO₂ coating. This allows the silicone coating to have a favorable effect in providing continuous protection for PC under the combined action of ethanol and stress.     

ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其在丁烯催化裂解反应中的应用

采用水热合成法制备了无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛并用正硅酸甲酯(TMOS)对其进行外表面修饰改性,利用XRD、SEM、~(29)Si MAS NMR、~(27)Al MAS NMR、NH_3-TPD、BET和UV-vis DRS对合成分子筛的物相、形貌和酸性等进行了表征,并将其应用于催化丁烯裂解反应。研究表明,经水热合成的无模板剂ZSM-5结晶度较好,与添加模板剂合成的ZSM-5拥有相似的孔道结构和晶体结构以及相近的酸量,但在酸中心分布上有明显差异:孔道内酸中心数量增加且分布更加均匀,孔道交叉处酸中心数量减少;经过外表面修饰改性后,ZSM-5分子筛外表面部分不具备择形性的酸中心被钝化,使其择形选择能力增强。在催化丁烯裂解反应中,用TMOS进行外表面修饰改性的无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂能够有效抑制副反应的发生,丙烯和乙烯的总收率高达58%。     

纳米ZSM-5用于石脑油催化裂化的最新进展(英文)

综述了纳米ZSM-5在石脑油催化裂解中的应用.比较了纳米ZSM-5和毫米级ZSM-5对产物选择性、反应转化率和催化剂寿命的影响.纳米ZSM-5的应用不仅延长了催化剂寿命,而且表现出更稳定的轻质烯烃选择性.讨论了反应条件,如温度和进料对纳米ZSM-5催化性能的影响,发现高温和线式烷烃作为进料时可提高轻质烯烃的选择性和反应转化率.     

CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE PLASTIC INTO GASOLINE-RANGE PRODUCTS OVER MESOPOROUS MATERIALS

1. Introduction The recycling of polymer waste is important in the con- servation of resources and the protection of environment. Thermal degradation has been studied to characterize and determine the stability of polymers (Garforth et al., 1997). t Unfortunately, the products of thermal degradation from many polymers are distributed over wide ranges of carbon numbers and their commercial value is low, requiring up- grading for effective utilization. On the other hand, catalytic degradation o…     

空间机械的摩擦学设计探讨

本文对空间机械的摩擦学设计进行了探讨,指出要确保空间机械工作的可靠性,就应当根据摩擦学知识在进行空间机械摩擦副结构、强度及动力学设计的同时,合理地选择润滑方式和润滑材料。作者认为,系统地积累空间摩擦学基础知识和各类润滑材科的基本性能数据,以及建立材科的基本性能与实际应用性能之间的数学关系式,都是进行空间机械摩擦学设计所需要具备的条件,并且提出应当根据摩擦副的使用环境和操作条件选择润滑方式利润滑材料,以及根据润滑材科的性能确定摩擦副的结构、强度和动力学设计的摩擦学设计之方法与步骤。 作者在举例说明对空间机械进行摩擦学设计的重要性后强调指出,为了提高我国空间机械的设计水平,应当加强研究部门与设计部门的密切合作,加速建立以材料之基本性能为基础的摩擦学数据库,并逐步建立空间机械摩擦学设计方面的专家系统。     

The effect of temperature on interfacial characteristics of fiber cord/rubber composite in the pull‐out process

The test of fiber pullout from rubber was carried out under different conditions, at three temperatures. Based on the experiment and a nonlinear two‐dimensional finite element (2D FE) modeling, the single fiber cord pullout from the rubber matrix at different temperatures was analyzed. The changes of interfacial shear stresses and failure mode at every stage of interface cracking forthe fiber cord/rubber composite were also investigated. It is shown that the simulation results of the pullout are in good agreement with the experiment. It is concluded that the 2D FE modeling can effectively predict the thermal interface cracking process for an axisymmetric structure of the fiber cord/rubber composite. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.