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11.
The interaction between multiple incompressible air jets has been studied numerically and experimentally. The numerical predictions have been first validated using experimental data for a single jet configuration. The spreading features of five unequal jets in the configuration of one larger central jet surrounded by four smaller equi‐distant jets, have been studied, for different lateral spacing ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 and a central jet Reynolds number of 1.24×105 (corresponding to a Mach number of 0.16). Flow of five equal jets has also been simulated, for the sake of comparison. The jet interactions commence at an axial distance of about 3–4 diameters and complete by an axial distance of about 10 diameters for the lowest spacing ratio of 1.5. For larger spacing ratios, the length required for the start and completion of jet interaction increase. Peripheral jets bend more towards the central jet and merge at a smaller distance, when their sizes are smaller than that of the central jet. The entrainment ratio for multiple jets is higher than that for a single jet. Excellent agreement is observed between the experimental data and theoretical predictions for both mean flow field and turbulent quantities, at regions away from the jet inlet. The potential core length and initial jet development, however, are not predicted very accurately due to differences in the assumed and actual velocity profiles at the jet inlet. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Franois Lavaud Michel Fontanille Yves Gnanou 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2004,42(19):4964-4975
Studies on the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in tetrahydrofuran and in the presence of sparteine have revealed a beneficial effect due to this additive, resulting in a decrease in the extent of termination. Better control of the definition of the polymers formed can thus be achieved in the presence of this additive. On the other hand, macromolecular engineering requires a range of active species concentrations lower than 10?3 mol L?1 and particularly the synthesis of polymers of high molar masses. For a better understanding of the mechanism of chain growth under such concentration conditions, the kinetics of polymerization have been investigated with a technique based on adiabatic calorimetry. Sparteine has been found to lack sufficient cation‐binding power to prevent the propagating enolate ion pairs from aggregating. The rate constant of propagation of nonaggregated species has been estimated, as well as the aggregation constant of equilibrium. For very low initiator concentrations, termination reactions have been shown to profoundly alter the control of the polymerization and to prevent a quantitative monomer conversion. Theoretical maximal conversions have been calculated from kinetic data and compare well with the experimental values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4964–4975, 2004 相似文献
13.
Hidetaka Tobita 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2004,42(14):2801-2812
The matrix formula developed in the context of heterochain theory, M?w = M?wp + WF ( I ? M )?1 S , was applied to describe the molecular weight development during free‐radical multicomponent polymerization. All of the required probabilistic parameters are expressed in terms of the kinetic‐rate constants and the various concentrations associated with them. In free‐radical polymerization, the number of heterochain types, N, needs to be extrapolated to infinity, and such extrapolation is conducted with only three different N values. This matrix formula can be used as a benchmark test if other approximate approaches can give reasonable estimates of the weight‐average molecular weights. The moment equations with the average pseudo‐kinetic‐rate constants for branching and crosslinking reactions may provide poor estimates when the copolymer composition drift during polymerization is very significant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2801–2812, 2004 相似文献
14.
Kinetic parameters of amino acid cations in an MK-40 ion-exchange membrane are calculated from the conductivity data. A theoretical quantum-chemical analysis of experimental activation energies for conduction suggests a mechanism of elementary act of transport of amino acid cations in the membrane. 相似文献
15.
Kinetic selection principles have been shown to be useful and physically reasonable in nonlinear hyperbolic problems with
large amplitude phase transitions. We refer to Abeyaratne and Knowles, [A-K], for discussion on the subject. They also have
been used for degenerate nonlinear problems, where the genuine nonlinearity property of Lax is violated. This is the framework
of Liu, [Li], in the kinetic situation of Hayes and Le Floch, [H-L], where their so-called non classical shocks may be seen
as small amplitude phase transitions. Here, we describe the local geometry generated by the generic non genuinely nonlinear
assumption. A geometric kinetic criterion can be used to select indeterminate simple waves and obtain the well-posedness of
the local Riemann problem. A particular case is the entropic kinetic criterion of Hayes and Le Floch.
Sunto Principi di selezione cinetica sono stati mostrati utili e fisicamente ragionevoli in problemi iperbolici con transizioni di fase di grande ampiezza. Ci riferiamo ad Abeyaratne e Knowles, [A-K], per discussioni sull'argomento. Detti principi sono stati usati per problemi nonlineari degeneri, dove la proprietà di genuina nonlinearità di Lax è violata. Questo è la prospettiva di Liu, [Li], nella situazione cinetica di Hayes e Le Floch, [H-L], dove i loro così detti urti non classici possono essere considerati come transizioni di fase di piccola ampiezza. Qui, descriviamo la geometria locale generata dall'ipotesi generica genuinamente nonlineare. Un criterio di geometria cinetica può essere usato per selezionare onde semplici indeterminate ed ottenere la buona posizione per il problema locale di Riemann. Un caso particolare è il criterio di entropia cinetico di Hayes e Le Floc.相似文献
16.
A new grid‐free upwind relaxation scheme for simulating inviscid compressible flows is presented in this paper. The non‐linear conservation equations are converted to linear convection equations with non‐linear source terms by using a relaxation system and its interpretation as a discrete Boltzmann equation. A splitting method is used to separate the convection and relaxation parts. Least squares upwinding is used for discretizing the convection equations, thus developing a grid‐free scheme which can operate on any arbitrary distribution of points. The scheme is grid free in the sense that it works on any arbitrary distribution of points and it does not require any topological information like elements, faces, edges, etc. This method is tested on some standard test cases. To explore the power of the grid‐free scheme, solution‐based adaptation of points is done and the results are presented, which demonstrate the efficiency of the new grid‐free scheme. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
E. Hatta H. Hosoi H. Akiyama T. Ishii K. Mukasa 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,2(3):347-349
We have observed a remarkable two-armed spiral in the collapse process of a floating monolayer at the air-water interface
by phase contrast microscopy. This demonstrates that the floating monolayer as a form of soft condensed matter reorganizes
itself due to a certain kind of macroscopic or collective behavior of molecules as it collapses. This pattern formation is
caused by the breakdown of a critical dynamical balance between the deformation of solid domain and the applied surface pressure.
The fragility as well as the flexibility of the floating monolayer can be associated with the observed pattern growth. There
are also observed interesting, periodically arranged collections of molecules in numerous collapsed regions.
Received: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
18.
R. Gerbaldo G. Ghigo G. Giunchi L. Gozzelino F. Laviano E. Mezzetti 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2002,26(3):297-300
We present results from an extended magneto-optical (MO) analysis of two samples cut from high-density pellets of MgB2. The first sample was studied in order to show that no matter how large the sample is and despite the bulk granularity, the
material enters into a critical state in a crystal-like fashion. The second sample was chosen for the quantitative analysis.
A numerical approach based on an inverted 2D Biot-Savart model was used to calculate the current paths across the homogeneous
polycrystalline bulk, as well as in the vicinity and across some morphological defects. Local current densities in the homogeneous
part were estimated as a function of the applied magnetic field at different temperatures, in three regimes: below full penetration,
at full penetration and above full penetration, respectively. A hypothesis of interpretation of the apparent absence of magnetic
granularity inside the polycrystalline microstructure is presented. It is related to a critical state likely reached by a
network of strongly coupled Josephson junctions.
Received 31 May 2001 and Received in final form 5 December 2001 相似文献
19.
Ricardo García-Pelayo Iván Salazar William C. Schieve 《Journal of statistical physics》1993,72(1-2):167-187
An analytically solvable model for sand avalanches of noninteracting grains of sand, based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, is presented. For a single avalanche, distributions of lifetimes, sizes of overflows and avalanches, and correlation functions are calculated. Some of these are exponentials, some are power laws. Spatially homogeneous distributions of avalanches are also studied. Computer simulations of avalanches of interacting grains of sand are compared to the solutions to the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations. We find that within the range of parameters explored in the simulation, the approximation of noninteracting grains of sand is a good one. 相似文献
20.
通过光谱响应特性实验和记录/读出图像实验,研究了基因变异型细菌视紫红质(BRD96N)分子膜对单色光的光调制特性.发现BRD96N分子膜在550nm—600nm范围内对调制光有吸收增强的现象,且对此范围内不同波长的单色光其调制程度有差异.利用曲线拟和方法发现550nm—600nm吸收增强的变化过程分为快过程和慢过程,其对应的时间常数分别为30s和5min.利用强度调制器的吸收强度与图像灰度之间的关系,分析了560nm—600nm范围内出现图像反转的实验现象.
关键词:
细菌视紫红质D96N分子膜
光谱响应
吸收增强现象
图像反转现象 相似文献