缺陷对玄武岩中声波波速影响的实验研究

岩体是具有多种微结构的复杂体,具有明显的频散效应.过去的研究基本上将岩体中的孔隙率作为研究岩体微观结构的参数,这种方法无法考虑到岩体中细观缺陷的局部影响.本文选用水泥砂浆为参考材料,通过在试件中预制裂缝来研究含缺陷玄武岩的弹性波传播特性.对含不同裂缝的试样进行了5种频率的声波测试.结果表明:缺陷对玄武岩的弹性波频散效应影响很大,随缺陷所占比例的增大而增大.同时单轴加载下的弹性波测试则说明,在0～20MPa范围内,玄武岩弹性波波速随压力增大开始时候有一定幅度的升高,到8MPa以后由于玄武岩硬度相对较高,波速基本保持在一定水平.     

岩石对冲击波的非线性动态响应

对干燥、饱水、饱泵油大理岩和饱和砂岩进行了SHPB冲击压缩实验,得到了干燥岩石和饱和岩石的应力波衰减规律。在应力波传播过程中,其幅值有较大的衰减,干燥岩石的衰减最大,且孔隙度越大衰减越大,饱和岩石还存在较强的波弥散效应。在小于岩石屈服强度时,多次冲击加载下获得随冲击加载次数的增加,加载模量增大,残余应变减小的压实效应。这一结果可用于大型地震工程和防护工程的设计和建造。     

岩石变形光纤光栅传感检测的应变传递分析

岩石变形过程可以通过光纤光栅的表面粘贴法进行检测。建立了考虑表面凹槽时的应变传递模型,经过力学分析得出了应变传递方程及传递系数的表达式;在MTS伺服机上进行了单轴压缩实验,借助光纤光栅对加载过程进行了测试。结果表明,传递方程与粘贴层厚度均匀分布时的方程形式相同,只是特征值k不同;换算后光栅的轴向应变与MTS位移计吻合很好,相对误差仅为3.2%;环向测试优于MTS的环向应变计,而两种方法都明显地优于应变片。实验验证了所建模型的正确性。经应变传递换算后,通过光纤光栅可以实现岩石变形过程中与MTS精度相当的高精确测试。     

岩石断裂尺寸效应测试装置研制及实验研究

面向岩石断裂尺寸效应研究的实验装置需求,针对现有技术中三点弯曲装置对多组尺寸岩石试件适应性差、最小跨距的测试量程不足等问题,研制了一种可灵活用于岩石断裂尺寸效应测试的三点弯曲装里.装置采用\"两体分离式\"的设计,三种不同型号的滚子与压头体、支座体配合使用,有效避免了不同尺寸试件采用同一直径滚子测试带来的实验精度问题;同时...     

不同龄期砂浆全长黏结锚杆中应力波传播的试验研究

利用激振锤冲击锚杆激发应力波,研究不同龄期砂浆全长黏结锚杆中的应力波传播规律。基于应力波在全长锚固锚杆中的传播试验,测得速度和幅值随着锚固剂养护龄期增长而衰减,养护龄期14d内,波速和幅值衰减程度急剧下降,在3d时达到最大,14d后波速和幅值衰减程度维持稳定。由不同龄期条件下的应力波频谱分析可知,随着养护龄期的增长,同一波形中能量占比的变化趋势保持不变,但是高频谐波所占能量的比例增大;能量占比曲线交叉点向低频移动,总能量衰减趋于稳定。在拉拔过程中,随着拉拔力的增大,锚固系统中应力波波速略有上升,应力波幅值衰减程度减小,各谐波幅值差异值也随之减小。基于应力波在含缺陷锚固锚杆中传播的试验,发现应力波波速和幅值的衰减幅度可以用于评价锚固效果,进而用于评估锚固施工质量。     

沥青海砂作为软岩相似材料的实验研究

为了解决岩石工程相似模型实验中传统相似材料难以模拟深部软岩低强度、大变形和强流变的问题,本文选用70#沥青(产量大、成本低、粘弹性、易成型、易软化等)和海砂作为深部软岩的相似模拟材料.采用连续加压法对其进行了单轴压缩实验,对不同配比下试件的密度、抗压强度及初始弹性模量进行分析,得到了该相似材料有关的原始数据和规律.本文初步验证了使用该相似材料模拟深部软岩的可行性,并针对不足之处给出一些合理改进建议,为进一步模型模拟实验提供指导.     

SHPB实验过程中岩石变形破坏的实时物像同步分析

典型的岩石动态压缩应力-应变曲线有不同的阶段,岩石变形、破坏形态也有不同的图像表征,力学响应和图像表征具有一一对应关系。针对上述特性,组合分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)与高速摄像机,建立物像同步分析装置,系统研究了岩石在冲击荷载下完整的应力和应变动态响应,并实时采集图像信号。最终,根据应力波传播理论,编制了物象同步分析程序,通过界面显示可实现力学响应与图像表征同步分析。该程序直观地反映了岩石在冲击荷载作用下,应力-应变曲线中不同阶段的力学特性及与其对应的试样开裂情况、破坏趋势、损伤程度等图像表征,清晰地揭示了岩石变形破坏过程的力学机理。     

温室中岩床蓄热性的分析

本文针对被动式太阳温室岩床蓄热系统,分析了岩床孔隙率、粒径和材料对岩床蓄热的影响。岩床应分层铺设, 岩床上部孔隙率、粒径相对较大;超过一定深度后,铺设孔隙率、粒径小的岩石;热容量(pc)和导热系数影响岩床平均温 度日变幅和热惯性。     

Hydraulic Pumping Tests in Very Deep Boreholes in Rock. Theory of Pressure Oscillations Induced by Elasticity and Inertia of the Test Equipment

In geohydraulic the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of rock are measured by means of pumping tests with double packer conductivity meters in boreholes. If the borehole is very deep the measured pressure and flux oscillate. The oscillations, which are caused by the inertia and elasticity of the equipment, make conventional evaluation of conductivity difficult. A theoretical analysis including the inertia and elasticity is derived and the coupled partial differential equations are solved in closed form. The conclusion is that the oscillations can be used for determining the conductivity and the diffusivity of the rock. The analysis also shows that the complete analysis including the oscillations makes the flux reach steady state faster than conventional analysis predicts.     

The Wettability Alteration and the Effect of Initial Rock Wettability on Oil Recovery in Surfactant-based Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Wettablity alteration of rock surface is an important mechanism for surfactant-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Two salt and temperature-tolerant surfactant formulations were developed based on the conditions of high temperature (97–120°C) and high salinity (20 × 10⁴ mg/L) reservoirs where a surfactant-based EOR process is attempted. Both the two sufactant formulations can achieve ultralow interfacial tension level (≤10^?3 mN/m) with crude oil after aging for 125 days at reservoir conditions. Wettability alteration of core slices induced by the two surfactant formulations was evalutated by measuring contact angles. Core flooding experiments were carried out to study the influence of initial rock wettabilities on oil recovery in the crude oil/surfactant/formation water/rock system. The results indicated that the two formulations could turn oil-wet core slices into water-wet at 90–120°C and 20 × 10⁴ mg/L salinity, while the water-wet core slices retained their hydrophilic nature. The core flooding experiments showed that the water-wet cores could yield higher oil recovery compared with the oil-wet cores in water flooding, surfactant, and subsequent water flooding process. The two surfactant formulations could successfully yield additional oil recovery in both oil-wet and water-wet cores.