Depth‐integrated,non‐hydrostatic model with grid nesting for tsunami generation,propagation, and run‐up

Tsunamis generated by earthquakes involve physical processes of different temporal and spatial scales that extend across the ocean to the shore. This paper presents a shock‐capturing dispersive wave model in the spherical coordinate system for basin‐wide evolution and coastal run‐up of tsunamis and discusses the implementation of a two‐way grid‐nesting scheme to describe the wave dynamics at resolution compatible to the physical processes. The depth‐integrated model describes dispersive waves through the non‐hydrostatic pressure and vertical velocity, which also account for tsunami generation from dynamic seafloor deformation. The semi‐implicit, finite difference model captures flow discontinuities associated with bores or hydraulic jumps through the momentum‐conserved advection scheme with an upwind flux approximation. The two‐way grid‐nesting scheme utilizes the Dirichlet condition of the non‐hydrostatic pressure and both the horizontal velocity and surface elevation at the inter‐grid boundary to ensure propagation of dispersive waves and discontinuities across computational grids of different resolution. The inter‐grid boundary can adapt to bathymetric features to model nearshore wave transformation processes at optimal resolution and computational efficiency. A coordinate transformation enables application of the model to small geographic regions or laboratory experiments with a Cartesian grid. A depth‐dependent Gaussian function smoothes localized bottom features in relation to the water depth while retaining the bathymetry important for modeling of tsunami transformation and run‐up. Numerical experiments of solitary wave propagation and N‐wave run‐up verify the implementation of the grid‐nesting scheme. The 2009 Samoa Tsunami provides a case study to confirm the validity and effectiveness of the modeling approach for tsunami research and impact assessment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塑性成型弹塑性有限元模拟的静水压力间接计算法

在单元内偏应力导数精度分析的基础上，了偏应力导数佳点逐层积分建立了修正的静水压力间接算法，将该方法应用于金属成型过程的弹塑性有限元模拟中，较好了解决了大步长时应力计算精度低的问题，提高了计算效率，算例表明，在变形总量和应变步长都较大的情况下。用庐方法计算得到的应力和变形载荷仍具有较好的精度。     

Shape and gravitational field of the ellipsoidal satellites

The shape and gravitational field of ellipsoidal satellites are studied by using the tidal theory. For ellipsoidal satellites, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, in the early stage of the satellite formation, strong tidal friction allowed the satellites move in a synchronous orbit and evolve into a triaxial ellipsoidal shape. Because the tidal potential from the associated primary and the centrifugal potential from the satellite spin are nearly fixed at the surface, the early satellites are the viscoelastic celestial body, and their surfaces are nearly in the hydrostatic equilibrium state. The deformation is fixed in the surface of the satellite. By using the related parameters of primary and satellite, the tidal height and the theoretical lengths of three primary radii of the ellipsoidal satellite are calculated. Secondly, the current ellipsoidal satellites nearly maintain their ellipsoidal shape from solidification, which happened a few billion years ago. According to the satellite shape, we estimated the orbital period and spinning angular velocity, and then determined the evolution of the orbit. Lastly, assuming an ellipsoidal satellite originated in the hydrostatic equilibrium state, the surface shape could be determined by tidal, rotation, and additional potentials. However, the shape of the satellite’s geoid differs from its surface shape. The relationship between these shapes is discussed and a formula for the gravitational harmonic coefficients is presented.     

Extraction of Pectin from Satsuma Mandarin Peel: A Comparison of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Conventional Extractions in Different Acids

Satsuma mandarin peel pectin was extracted by high hydrostatic pressure-assisted citric acid (HHPCP) or hydrochloric acid (HHPHP), and the physiochemical, structural, rheological and emulsifying characteristics were compared to those from conventional citric acid (CCP) and hydrochloric acid (CHP). Results showed that HHP and citric acid could both increase the pectin yield, and HHPCP had the highest yield (18.99%). Structural characterization, including NMR and FTIR, demonstrated that HHPHP showed higher Mw than the other pectins. The viscosity of the pectin treated with HHP was higher than that obtained with the conventional method, with HHPHP exhibiting significantly higher viscosity. Interestingly, all the pectin emulsions showed small particle mean diameters (D_4,3 being 0.2–1.3 μm) and extremely good emulsifying stability with centrifugation and 30-day storage assays, all being 100%. Satsuma mandarin peel could become a highly promising pectin source with good emulsifying properties, and HHP-assisted acid could be a more efficient method for pectin extraction.     

2-3型压电复合材料有效特性及其静水压性能的研究

压电复合材料是由至少一种压电材料与非压电材料按照一定的连通方式组合在一起而构成的具有压电效应的材料。采用均匀场理论,提出了2-3型压电复合材料的代表性体积单元,通过建立串联、并联等模型预估了压电复合材料的弹性刚度常数:C11、C12、C13、C22、C23、C33,压电常数:e31e、32e、33,介电常数:3ε3。然后用有限元方法(使用了有限元分析软件ANSYS)分析了压电复合材料的材料常数,并用有限元方法验证了均匀场理论求解2-3型压电复合材料有效特性参数的准确性。根据求得的有效特性参数进一步研究了2-3型压电复合材料的静水压性能,由于求得的静水压性能值很低,又改良了2-3型压电复合材料的模型,获得了较好的静水压性能。并将改良前后2-3型压电复合材料与3-2型压电复合材料的静水压性能进行了比较。     

A semi‐implicit finite difference method for non‐hydrostatic,free‐surface flows

In this paper a semi‐implicit finite difference model for non‐hydrostatic, free‐surface flows is analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the present algorithm is generally more accurate than recently developed models for quasi‐hydrostatic flows. The governing equations are the free‐surface Navier–Stokes equations defined on a general, irregular domain of arbitrary scale. The momentum equations, the incompressibility condition and the equation for the free‐surface are integrated by a semi‐implicit algorithm in such a fashion that the resulting numerical solution is mass conservative and unconditionally stable with respect to the gravity wave speed, wind stress, vertical viscosity and bottom friction. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫力学特性的静水压力加载实验方法研究

泡沫材料在多轴载荷下的力学性能是工程中非常关心的问题。利用土壤的三轴压缩试验装置,通过试验方法的改进,提出了一种体应变测定和修正的方法,对硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料的静水压力特性进行了研究,得到了一些有价值的数据和结论。研究表明:在准静态静水压加载条件下,该材料的应力-应变曲线明显地分为弹性段、塑性段和压实段,且屈服强度比单向压缩时略大、压实应变略小。最后通过不同高度的试样对比试验,对聚氨酯泡沫材料的不均匀变形和弯曲的原因进行了分析和比较,指出了试验时应该注意的问题。     

棒材通过锥形模静液挤压成形的无网格法分析

建立了一种基于初始构形及有限变形的粘塑性弹性本构关系，并由空间描述的Galerkin能量弱变分原理，经一致转换得一整体拉格朗日方程描述下的动量平衡方程．同时经线性化处理给出了显示中心差分法求解格式，以棒材通过锥形模的静液挤压成形为例进行了全面的EFG法数值模拟，从而证明了有限变形粘塑性EFG法对实际成形工艺分析、优化及设计的有效性。     

Depth‐averaged non‐hydrostatic extension for shallow water equations with quadratic vertical pressure profile: equivalence to Boussinesq‐type equations

We reformulate the depth‐averaged non‐hydrostatic extension for shallow water equations to show equivalence with well‐known Boussinesq‐type equations. For this purpose, we introduce two scalars representing the vertical profile of the non‐hydrostatic pressure. A specific quadratic vertical profile yields equivalence to the Serre equations, for which only one scalar in the traditional equation system needs to be modified. Equivalence can also be demonstrated with other Boussinesq‐type equations from the literature when considering variable depth, but then the non‐hydrostatic extension involves mixed space–time derivatives. In case of constant bathymetries, the non‐hydrostatic extension is another way to circumvent mixed space–time derivatives arising in Boussinesq‐type equations. On the other hand, we show that there is no equivalence when using the traditionally assumed linear vertical pressure profile. Linear dispersion and asymptotic analysis as well as numerical test cases show the advantages of the quadratic compared with the linear vertical non‐hydrostatic pressure profile in the depth‐averaged non‐hydrostatic extension for shallow water equations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高地应力条件下隧洞开挖动态卸荷的破坏机理初探

分析了高地应力条件下静水压力场中圆形隧洞钻爆开挖时开挖边界上初始应力场动态卸荷效应及破坏机理，并计算了其破坏范围。初始应力动态卸荷时，动应力在隧洞径向表现为卸荷回弹，而在切向出现动应力集中，表现为加载。动态卸荷时间对径向应力的影响较对切向应力大，卸荷时间越短，扰动的幅度越大；初始应力动态卸荷在岩体中所造成的破坏范围较准静态卸荷情况大，卸荷时间越短，破坏范围越大。