流动注射-毛细管电泳分流式电动进样歧视效应特征的研究

以碱性药物盐酸伪麻黄碱和酸性药物布洛芬为对象研究了分流式电动进样(一种用于流动注射-毛细管电泳(FI-CE)联用系统的新进样方法)歧视效应的特性。结果发现:在样品介质与运行缓冲液一致的条件下,FI-CE分流式电动进样产生的歧视效应与电动进样相似,但获得的校正曲线的线性明显优于电动进样,而与没有歧视效应的压力进样所获得的线性相似。利用这些特征提高了同时测定复方布洛芬片中少量组分盐酸伪麻黄碱和主要组分布洛芬的分析性能。在24次/h的采样频率下,盐酸伪麻黄碱的检测限为0.7 mg/L,比采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法所得的检测限低30%。连续进样11次分析含有13.1 mg/L盐酸伪麻黄碱和81.4 mg/L布洛芬的试样溶液,峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为2.8%(盐酸伪麻黄碱)和1.2%(布洛芬),明显优于采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法。用该法测定了两批复方布洛芬片中两种组分的含量,所得结果与高效液相色谱法的测定结果一致。     

Comparative studies of structural properties and conformational changes of proteins by analytical ultracentrifugation and other techniques

Analytical ultracentrifugation is a powerful tool for investigating the size of proteins in solution, especially by measuring sedimentation and diffusion coefficients and molar masses. Several further molecular parameters such as frictional ratios, axial ratios of hydrodynamic models, and Stokes radii allow a rough estimate of the protein overall structure. Sedimentation analysis may also be applied efficaciously for monitoring conformational changes of proteins occurring upon ligand binding or denaturation. For the determination of very small changes in shape, however, great care and a series of precautions are required. We investigated the enzymes citrate synthase and malate synthase in the absence and in the presence of ligands, in order to study the structural properties of the proteins and their ligand complexes. We also compared the results of the ultracentrifugal analysis with the results of other solution techniques such as UV absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and small-angle x-ray scattering on the one hand, and the crystallographic 3D structure of citrate synthase on the other. The spectroscopic methods may be used as efficient and rapid tools for screening the occurrence of conformational changes caused by alterations of chromophores and fluorophores. The structural information provided by small-angle scattering (e.g., radii of gyration, maximum particle diameters, vclumes and surface areas) can be used to establish quantitative correlations between solution scattering and hydrodynamic data. In this context, however, knowledge or qualified assumptions of partial specific volumes and hydration are additionally required. Good agreement was reached between small-angle scattering and ultracentrifugal data, and also with crystallographic data if protein hydration was considered properly. The given approaches may be used to predict hydrodynamic properties if x-ray data are available, and for many verifications of other structural data, e.g., Stokes radii, diffusion coefficients, axial and frictional ratios determined by independent methods.Abbreviations materials AcCoA acetyl coenzyme A - CoA coenzyme A - CS citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) - DTT dithiothreitol - GdrnCl guanidinium chloride - MS malate synthase (EC 4.1.3.2.)Methods - AUC analytical ultracentrifugation - CD circular dichroism - EM fluorescence emission spectroscopy - EX fluorescence excitation spectroscopy - SAS small-angle scattering - SAXS small-angle x-ray scattering - UV ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy - XD x-ray diffraction Models OE oblate ellipsoidal model - PE prolate ellipsoidal model     

Comparison of methods for the determination of diffusion coefficients of polymers in dilute solutions: The influence of polydispersity

A comparison between various methods to determine diffusion coefficients of polymers in dilute solutions has been made. It is shown that Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) can all be used to accurately determine diffusion coefficients when the polymer samples have low polydispersities. By the analysis of a series of practically representative styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) samples, it is shown that polydispersity of the samples and the presence of low‐molecular‐mass material cause considerable differences between the methods. It was found that TDA is mostly disturbed by the presence of low‐molecular‐mass material, whereas DLS is more sensitive to the polydispersity of the polymer. With broad samples, DLS gives the Z‐average diffusion coefficient. SEC can be used to obtain a diffusion coefficient distribution as well as an average diffusion coefficient of a polydisperse sample. Although, the same was expected for HDC, it was found that this method could only be successfully used for polymer samples having low polydispersities. Deviations between SEC, HDC, and TDA found for narrow samples were not related to the chemical composition of the samples. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 593–603, 1999     

动态光散射法研究季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的胶团化行为

用动态光散射技术在10～70℃温度范围内,通过测定胶团的平均流体力学半径随温度、盐浓度和联接基团长度的变化情况,研究联接基团为聚亚甲基链的阳离子季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂胶团在无机盐介质中的长大规律.实验结果表明,增加盐量、降低温度和减小联接基团的长度均使平均流体力学半径变大,Gemini表面活性剂胶团长大时是由球状转变为棒状.从实验测定的平流体力学半径求算了支配球-棒转变的平衡常数及热力学函数值,并用NNLS(non-negatively constrainedleast square)算法对胶团的粒径分布情况进行了分析.此外,对具有短联接基团的Gemini表面活性剂胶团长大所具有的独特性质进行了讨论.     

Carbazole-functionalized polyfluorenes: synthesis and conformational properties in chloroform solution and β-phase formation in copolyfluorene films

Novel copolyfluorenes (CPFs) containing 2.5 or 10 mol% of carbazole-2,7-diyl (2,7-Cz) or carbazole-3,6-diyl (3,6-Cz) derivatives in the backbone have been synthesized by means of palladium-catalyzed Suzuki polymerization under microwave irradiation. The structure of the CPF polymers was also modified by insertion of additional 2-ethylhexyl or carbazole, diaryloxadiazole, or triphenylamine units via 3,6-Cz or 2,7-Cz comonomer units in the side chains of polymers. The self-organization of molecules in chloroform solutions was investigated using light scattering and within a wide concentration interval. Analysis of the behavior of the CPFs showed that the synthesized copolymers have an increased equilibrium rigidity of molecules with a Kuhn segment length A = (10–15) nm. The A value decreases with the introduction of Cz-units into the macromolecule in the meta-position. It is shown that chemical structure of the CPFs and thermal treatment in the temperature range 60–150 °C have a dominant effect on the optoelectronic properties as well as on microstructures of their films.     

Conformation of nonideal hyperbranched polymer in ABn (n = 2, 4) type polymerization

The conformation of hyperbranched polymers from one pot polymerization with AB_n (n = 2, 4) type monomers, applying the reactive 3D bond fluctuation lattice model, are systematically studied using scaling relation R ～ N^λ, where R is the radius of gyration or the hydrodynamic radius of a hyperbranched polymer with the degree of polymerization N. The exponent λ was calculated at various monomer concentrations and group conversions. When the concentration of monomers with the equal reactivity of B groups increases from 0.1 to 0.9, the exponents λ_g and λ_h (corresponding to the radius of gyration and hydrodynamic radius, respectively) are in the ranges of 0.51–0.37 and 0.41–0.34 at the full conversion of A groups. Especially, we find that λ_g decreases linearly with the reaction conversion increasing. The ratio of z‐average radius, R_gz/R_hz, ranges from 1.08 to 1.32 and indicates that hyperbranched polymer is soft macromolecule with penetrable structure. In the case of AB₂ type monomer with unequal reactivities, λ displays complicated dependence on the reaction conversion and the reactivity ratio. The results of our simulation are consistent with those of experiments and theories, and valuable in better understanding the fundamental properties of hyperbranched polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 610–616, 2010     

Multiarm star polymers with POSS at the periphery

Azide end‐functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS‐N₃) was incorporated into the periphery of well‐defined alkyne‐polystyrene₅₀‐poly(divinyl benzene) (alkyne‐PS₅₀‐polyDVB) and alkyne‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)₄₃‐poly(divinyl benzene) (alkyne‐PtBA₄₃‐polyDVB) multiarm star polymers via highly efficient azide‐alkyne click reaction, resulting in POSS‐PS₅₀‐polyDVB and POSS‐PtBA₄₃‐polyDVB multiarm star block copolymers respectively, in the solution of tetrahydrofuran/N,N‐dimethyl formamide, CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) at room temperature for 24 h. Linear precursors and star polymers obtained in this study were characterized ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and triple detection GPC (TD‐GPC). Absolute molecular weight, hydrodynamic radius, and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) values for all star polymers were determined by TD‐GPC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

水相体系中β-环糊精-丁磺酸催化合成氧杂蒽二酮衍生物

多组分反应是指三个或三个以上反应物在同一反应容器里形成一个新的、包括所有反应物主要部分的产物.多组分反应因具有操作简单、效率高和原子经济性好等优点而引起化学家和药物化学工作者的极大兴趣,成为有机合成发展趋势之一.9-芳基-2,3,4,5,6,7-六氢-2H-氧杂蒽-1,8-二酮衍生物是由芳香醛和1,3-环己二酮化合物的多组分缩合反应制备.通常在Lewis酸或Br?nsted酸催化下进行反应,常用的催化剂有对十二烷基苯磺酸、Amberlyst-1、I2、MCM-41-SO3H、HClO4-SiO2、离子液体(如[Et3NH][HSO4])、纳米TiO2和纤维素-磺酸等,微波和超声波等技术也用于该反应.这些方法虽取得一定进展,但仍然存在反应时间较长和产率较低等缺点.因此,开发与研究氧杂蒽二酮衍生物的绿色合成方法显得非常必要.
　　β-环糊精是由7个葡萄糖经1,4-苷键连接而成的环状化合物,7个伯醇羟基位于空洞小的一端,14个仲醇排列在空洞大的一端,形成空洞外部和入口处富有亲水性而空洞内部呈疏水性的特性.由于这一独特性能,β-环糊精及其衍生物被作为相转移催化剂应用于有机合成反应,如氧化反应、还原反应、环加成反应及偶联反应.对β-环糊精进行功能化修饰是拓展β-环糊精在有机合成反应中应用的有效方法之一.
　　本文采用丁磺酸基功能化修饰β-环糊精,得到β-环糊精-丁磺酸(β-CD-BSA),探讨了其作为酸性催化剂在芳香醛和1,3-环己二酮(或二甲酮)制备氧杂蒽二酮衍生物反应中的应用.首先,β-环糊精与丁磺酸内酯反应,生产磺丁基醚-β-环糊精,再经过酸性离子交换树脂,得到β-CD-BSA,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和1H NMR表征催化剂.结果表明,磺酸丁基成功嫁接到β-环糊精上,经1H NMR图谱分析,β-CD-BSA的磺酸丁基平均取代度为7.以苯甲醛和二甲酮反应为模型反应,探讨了反应溶剂和催化剂用量等因素对反应性能的影响,得到最优反应工艺条件为：以H2O为溶剂,反应温度100 oC,催化剂用量1 mol%.探讨了反应底物适用性,采用不同取代基的芳香醛与1,3-环己二酮(或二甲酮)反应,制备了一系列氧杂蒽二酮衍生物.结果表明,无论芳香醛苯环上连接吸电子基团还是供电子基团,都能顺利发生反应并得到相应目标化合物,反应时间为15–60 min,产率为88%–97%.同时,与芳香醛上连有供电子基团相比,当芳香醛上连有吸电子基团时,其反应速度更快,反应时间更短,产率相对较高.与文献报道方法相比,本文构建的催化反应体系具有更高的催化活性和较高的反应产率.基于上述反应现象,结合相关文献,探讨了该反应可能的反应机理.本文还以对硝基苯甲醛和二甲酮反应为模型反应,探讨了β-CD-BSA循环回收使用性能.当反应结束后,加入少量水,过滤得到固体产物,滤液经干燥回收催化剂,不经进一步处理即可用于下一次反应,当催化剂循环使用5次时,反应产率由95%降至90%.可见,该催化剂回收方法简单,催化剂具有良好的稳定性.
　　综上所述,本文构建了β-CD-BSA/H2O催化反应体系,制备了一系列氧杂蒽二酮衍生物,该催化反应体系具有良好的催化性能和通用性,该方法操作简单,反应时间短,产率高,是一个制备氧杂蒽二酮衍生物的绿色合成方法.     

Remarkable Shape‐Sustaining,Load‐Bearing,and Self‐Healing Properties Displayed by a Supramolecular Gel Derived from a Bis‐pyridyl‐bis‐amide of L‐Phenyl Alanine

A series of bis‐amides decorated with pyridyl and phenyl moieties derived from L ‐amino acids having an innocent side chain (L ‐alanine and L ‐phenyl alanine) were synthesized as potential low‐molecular‐weight gelators (LMWGs). Both protic and aprotic solvents were found to be gelled by most of the bis‐amides with moderate to excellent gelation efficiency (minimum gelator concentration=0.32–4.0 wt. % and gel–sol dissociation temperature T_gel=52–110 °C). The gels were characterized by rheology, DSC, SEM, TEM, and temperature‐variable ¹H NMR measurements. pH‐dependent gelation studies revealed that the pyridyl moieties took part in gelation. Structure–property correlation was attempted using single‐crystal X‐ray and powder X‐ray diffraction data. Remarkably, one of the bis‐pyridyl bis‐amide gelators, namely 3,3‐Phe (3‐pyridyl bis‐amide of L ‐phenylalanine) displayed outstanding shape‐sustaining, load‐bearing, and self‐healing properties.     

Study on characteristics of bias caused by FI-CE split flow electrokinetic injection

The characteristics of bias caused by split-flow electrokinetic injection (SEKI), a new type of sample injection method used in coupled flow injection-capillary electrophoresis system (FI-CE), was investigated using pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, a basic drug, and ibuprofen, an acidic drug, as model analytes. It was found that bias imposed by SEKI under the condition of continuous sample matrix/running buffer was similar to that done by electrokinetic injection (EKI). The linearity of calibration curve provided by SEKI was similar to that offered by non-bias hydrodynamic injection (HDI) but significantly better than that obtained by EKI. These features were exploited to improve analytical performances in simultaneous determination of the minor ingredient of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and the major ingredient of ibuprofen in a pharmaceutical preparation. Detectability of 0.7 mg/l for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was achieved at a sample throughput rate of 24 times per hour, which is 30% lower than that obtained by HDI-based conventional CE. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.8% for the minor ingredient and 1.2% for the major ingredient were produced in 11 runs of a test solution containing 13.1 mg/l pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 81.4 mg/l ibuprofen. This is an improvement compared to that obtained by HDI-based conventional CE. Analytical results for two batches of compound ibuprofen tablets by the SEKI-based FI-CE approach were in good agreement with that obtained by a conventional high performance liquid chromatographic method. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2005, 23(2) (in Chinese)