On the effective permeability of a heterogeneous porous medium: the role of the geometric mean

This paper uses experimental data derived from surface permeability tests conducted on a bench-scale 508?mm cuboidal sample of Indiana Limestone. These results are used in combination with computational modelling to test the hypothesis that the geometric mean is a good proxy to represent permeability when the spatial distribution of the permeability for the heterogeneous rock, with no evidence of hydraulic anisotropy or fractures, is log-normal. The predictive capabilities of the geometric mean as a measure of the effective permeability are further assessed by examining specific examples where three-dimensional flows are initiated in the heterogeneous domain and where the equivalent homogeneous problem gives rise to purely circular flows that have exact solutions. The approach is also applied to examine a hypothetical hydraulic pulse test that is conducted on a cuboidal region with sealed lateral boundaries, consisting of the experimentally measured heterogeneous distribution of permeability and an equivalent homogeneous region where the permeability corresponds to the geometric mean.     

Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic accumulator for hydraulic hybrid drives

ABSTRACT

Hydraulic accumulators are used as energy storages in a wide area of applications. In particular, in automotive hybrid drive-trains, this type of energy storage is an interesting alternative to today’s common strategies like chemical batteries or flywheels. This article deals with the mathematical modelling of a hydraulic accumulator for passenger vehicles, which comprises a carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) body and aluminium piston. The thermodynamical behaviour of the oil and gas as well as the interaction with the CFRP body is investigated in detail. Starting from a complex model, two models of reduced complexity are derived. The validation of these models with measurement data from a test drive with a prototype series hydraulic hybrid drive-train proves their high accuracy.     

ADVANCES IN RESEARCH OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURES IN UNCONSOLIDATED SANDS

疏松砂岩水力压裂裂缝的典型特征是大量分支缝、微裂缝和一定钝度的裂缝尖端及剪切带的形成等. 主要通过对相关文献的调研,分析了剪切作用、拉伸作用等对裂缝形态特征（起裂、转向、延伸）等力学行为所产生的影响,通过针对一些疏松砂岩的压裂实验研究发现,其滤失过程主要受到缝尖区域的影响,而且滤失一般发生在裂缝扩展之前. 裂缝缝尖周围的局部应力往往是影响裂缝起裂和裂缝开度的主导参数,裂缝的形态特征则是应力、渗透率、流态等综合作用的结果,对疏松砂岩裂缝形态特征的形成做了进一步的解释.     

Complexity of Fracturing in Terms of Non-Extensive Statistical Physics: From Earthquake Faults to Arctic Sea Ice Fracturing

Fracturing processes within solid Earth materials are inherently a complex phenomenon so that the underlying physics that control fracture initiation and evolution still remain elusive. However, universal scaling relations seem to apply to the collective properties of fracturing phenomena. In this article we present a statistical physics approach to fracturing based on the framework of non-extensive statistical physics (NESP). Fracturing phenomena typically present intermittency, multifractality, long-range correlations and extreme fluctuations, properties that motivate the NESP approach. Initially we provide a brief review of the NESP approach to fracturing and earthquakes and then we analyze stress and stress direction time series within Arctic sea ice. We show that such time series present large fluctuations and probability distributions with “fat” tails, which can exactly be described with the q-Gaussian distribution derived in the framework of NESP. Overall, NESP provide a consistent theoretical framework, based on the principle of entropy, for deriving the collective properties of fracturing phenomena and earthquakes.     

交联氮气泡沫压裂液的携砂性能研究

在大型高压泡沫压裂液实验回路上,对交联氮气泡沫压裂液的携砂性能进行了实验研究.分析了携砂泡沫压裂液流动时临界携砂流速的产生原因,并根据实验结果分析了温度,压力、泡沫质量及支撑剂浓度对临界携砂流速的影响.临界携砂流速随温度的升高而增大,随压力、泡沫质量和支撑剂体积浓度的增大而减小,研究发现当支撑剂浓度大于0.17时,开始...     

局部与整体水压法在水下饱和边坡稳定分析中的应用

针对以考虑土条侧向条间力来提高瑞典条分法的计算精度方法, 作者基于物理学思想, 提出了局部与整体水压法以进行水下饱和边坡稳定分析, 并采用该法对瑞典条分法中一对相互矛盾的"真假李逵" 式进行了辨析. 指出李鬼式精度低的原因在于直接提取土条顶面和底面水压力沿着竖向的分量来建立平衡, 而忽略了其沿着水平方向分力的影响, 并证明了局部与整体水压法在提高有水边坡计算精度和便捷度时具有的普适性.     

Simultaneous initiation and growth of multiple radial hydraulic fractures from a horizontal wellbore

Multi-stage fracturing is the current preferred method of completion of horizontal wells in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Its core component consists in simultaneously initiating and propagating an array of hydraulic fractures. We develop a numerical model for the initiation and growth of an array of parallel radial hydraulic fractures. The solution accounts for fracture growth, coupling between elastic deformation and fluid flow in the fractures, elastic stress interactions between fractures and fluid flow in the wellbore. We also take into account the presence of a local pressure drop (function of the entering flow rate) at the connection between the well and the fracture, i.e., a choke-like effect due to current well completion practices, also referred to as entry friction. The partitioning of the fluid into the different fractures at any given time is part of the solution and is a critical indicator of simultaneous (balanced fluid partitioning) versus preferential growth. We validate our numerical model against reference solutions and a laboratory experiment for the initiation and growth of a single radial hydraulic fracture. We then investigate the impact of stress interaction on preferential growth of a subset of fractures in the array. Our results show that a sufficiently large local entry friction provides a strong feedback in the system and thus can counteract elastic stress interaction between fractures, thereby ensuring simultaneous growth. We propose a dimensionless number capturing the competition between stress interaction and local entry friction. This dimensionless number is a function of rock properties, fracture spacing and injection parameters. We verify that it captures the transition from the case of simultaneous growth (entry friction larger than interaction stress) to the case of preferential growth of some fractures (interaction stress larger than entry friction). We also discuss the implication of these results for multi-stage fracturing engineering practices.     

EAST 钨偏滤器外靶板热工水力分析

为提高EAST 偏滤器的抗热载和排热能力,将偏滤器第一壁的材料由原来的石墨改为钨,在结构上,靶板采用了类ITER 的单块结构,支撑和冷却采用一体化的盒式结构。确定了EAST 钨偏滤器的冷却结构后,通过水管的流固耦合传热模型,分析了外靶板在紊流冷却方式下的散热情况。同时计算了在水冷系统失效的情况下,偏滤器外靶板的危险区域在3、5、8、10MW·m^-2 热流密度下的瞬态温度分布情况。结果表明,水流速度在4m·s^-1 时, 水管可以承受峰值功率10MW·m^-2 的热流密度,能够很好地满足EAST 装置运行的排热要求。     

多孔材料孔隙尺寸对渗透系数影响的数值模拟

采用有限元方法数值模拟了多孔材料的孔隙尺寸与等效渗透系数之间的非线性关系.有限元模型中的固体骨架和孔隙根据孔隙率的大小随机生成,模型中的材料参数和单元属性用ANSYS中的APDL参数化语言赋值.根据有限元随机模拟断面的流量分布和稳态渗流问题的达西定律,计算在不同孔隙尺寸的等效渗透系数,研究等效渗透系数与孔隙尺寸之间的关系.计算结果表明,在孔隙率不变的情况下,等效渗透系数与孔隙尺寸的平方成正比,该结论与经验公式相一致.而孔隙尺寸不变的条件下,随着孔隙率的增加等效渗透系数近似呈线性增加.     

中红外光谱的HFC水分含量和粘度测量

针对水-乙二醇抗燃液压液（HFC）目前常用的水分含量和粘度测量方法存在操作复杂,耗时长,测量成本较高等问题,研究了将中红外光谱分析法应用于HFC水分含量和粘度测量。以85个实际在用油样为样本集,采用传统的电量法和毛细管法分别测量水分含量和运动粘度;使用衰减全反射液体池（ATR）采集各样本的中红外光谱并进行光谱校正、背景扣除、Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑处理和基线校正等预处理。水分含量测量模型构建过程中,利用学生化残差-杠杆值法寻找强影响点,判定为异常样本并加以剔除;利用马氏距离SPXY法划分建模样本集和验证样本集。根据Beer-Lambert定律,水分含量和红外光谱吸光度成正比,采用线性方法来构建水分含量和吸光度红外光谱之间的关系模型。同时为提高模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力需要消除光谱中的无用信息、冗余信息和噪声,因此采用后向间隔偏最小二乘法（BiPLS）进行水分含量测量特征谱区优选,并建立线性校正分析模型。结果表明剩余3 526~3 354,1 790~1 618,3 005~2 660和1 096~924 cm-1波段时获得最小的交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）。特征波段优选结果可以理解为,根据3 526~3 354 cm-1波段预测HFC体系中所有OH的量,减去根据3 005~2 660和1 096~924 cm-1波段换算得到的乙二醇中的OH,进而计算得到水分含量,为进一步提高精度,将水中OH变角振动吸收峰对应的1 790~1 618 cm-1波段作为水分含量测量的辅助波段。利用独立验证样本进行模型检验,结果表明所建立的线性模型相关系数（r）为0.989 5,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.405 2,满足HFC中水分含量测量精度需求。粘度测量模型构建过程中,利用马氏距离法寻找离群样本,判定为异常样本并加以剔除,利用马氏距离SPXY法进行建模样本集和验证样本集划分。粘度是一个与多重因素有复杂关系的理化指标,和红外光谱之间表现为非线性关系。基于主成分分析结合BP神经网络法（PCA-BPNN）构建非线性粘度校正分析模型,提取累积贡献率为95.12%的前10个主成分作为输入,测得的粘度值为输出,创建单隐层BP神经网络并进行训练,训练结果相关系数r为0.996 8。利用独立验证样本进行模型检验,结果表明所建立的非线性模型r为0.984 3,RMSEP为0.615 1,满足HFC粘度测量精度需求,且优于采用BiPLS线性模型获得的结果。确定了可用于HFC中水分含量测量的四个中红外波段,可为窄带红外光谱分析法或其他类似研究提供依据。研究结果表明中红外光谱分析法结合BiPLS和PCA-BPNN分析法可分别应用于HFC水分含量和粘度测量,精度符合监测需求,为HFC中分含量和粘度测量提供了一种新的测试方法,相比于传统测量方法具有快速、无损、低成本的特点。