含层理页岩气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律解析分析

页岩气蕴藏在页岩层中,页岩层的层理性构造使其水力压裂裂纹扩展与常规均质储层不同.为研究页岩储层水力压裂的裂纹扩展规律,基于复变函数保角变换,得出裂纹尖端应力集中解,考虑页岩非均质、强度各向异性特点,通过比较裂纹沿各方向扩展所需的裂缝尖端水压力,推导出水力压裂裂纹垂直于最小地应力方向稳定扩展过程中在斜交层理后的扩展判据.分别定义了水力压裂裂纹在层理处起裂和沿层理扩展的弱层和岩石基体临界强度比,根据两个临界强度比确定水力压裂裂纹遇层理时在层理处起裂和沿层理扩展的层理弱面强度范围,以此表示水力压裂裂纹转向层理扩展的难易程度.通过对裂纹扩展判据的分析得出:层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随层理走向线与第一主应力夹角和层理倾角的减小以及第三主应力和岩石基体强度的增大而增大;层理走向角小于35.26°时,层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随第一主应力的减小以及第二主应力的增大而增大;反之,层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随第一主应力的减小以及第二主应力的增大而减小;层理扩展弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随层理走向线与第一主应力夹角、层理倾角和地应力差的减小以及岩石基体抗拉强度的增大而增大.层理起裂条件与层理扩展条件同时满足时,水力压裂裂纹转向层理方向扩展.      

三轴液压仿真转台三轴相交度测试方法

根据三轴仿真转台自身的结构特点,针对决定其精度的重要环节——相交度的测试问题,提出了新的简洁的测试方法,从而为三轴仿真转台的安装、调试提供可靠数据,以保证其精度指标达到设计要求。     

Discharge estimation under uncertainty using variational methods with application to the full Saint‐Venant hydraulic network model

Estimating river discharge from in situ and/or remote sensing data is a key issue for evaluation of water balance at local and global scales and for water management. Variational data assimilation (DA) is a powerful approach used in operational weather and ocean forecasting, which can also be used in this context. A distinctive feature of the river discharge estimation problem is the likely presence of significant uncertainty in principal parameters of a hydraulic model, such as bathymetry and friction, which have to be included into the control vector alongside the discharge. However, the conventional variational DA method being used for solving such extended problems often fails. This happens because the control vector iterates (i.e., approximations arising in the course of minimization) result into hydraulic states not supported by the model. In this paper, we suggest a novel version of the variational DA method specially designed for solving estimation‐under‐uncertainty problems, which is based on the ideas of iterative regularization. The method is implemented with SIC², which is a full Saint‐Venant based 1D‐network model. The SIC² software is widely used by research, consultant and industrial communities for modeling river, irrigation canal, and drainage network behavior. The adjoint model required for variational DA is obtained by means of automatic differentiation. This is likely to be the first stable consistent adjoint of the 1D‐network model of a commercial status in existence. The DA problems considered in this paper are offtake/tributary estimation under uncertainty in the cross‐device parameters and inflow discharge estimation under uncertainty in the bathymetry defining parameters and the friction coefficient. Numerical tests have been designed to understand identifiability of discharge given uncertainty in bathymetry and friction. The developed methodology, and software seems useful in the context of the future Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

航空铆钉动态加载失效实验

为研究航空铆钉连接元件在动态加载下的失效模式,依托高速液压伺服材料试验机,通过特殊设计的实验夹具,进行了6类航空铆钉在不同加载速度和不同加载模式下的动态失效实验,获得了铆钉元件在纯拉伸加载、纯剪切加载、30°拉-剪耦合加载和60°拉-剪耦合加载状态下的失效实验数据。实验结果表明,铆钉元件的失效模式和失效载荷与加载速度、载荷的作用形式密切相关,并基于实验结果拟合得到铆钉元件的失效本构参数,获得了可表征铆钉在一般情形下失效的本构方程。     

页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战

页岩气是指赋存于富含有机质泥页岩中以吸附和游离状态为主要存在方式的天然气,中国资源量丰富,地域分布广泛.页岩气开采能缓解我国常规油气产量不足、煤化石燃料引起环境污染等问题,已成为中国绿色能源开发的重要领域.尽管北美页岩气"革命"取得了成功,目前也仅有预期产量5%～15%的采收率.与北美地区相比,中国页岩气埋藏深,赋存条件差,自然丰度低,因此,高效开采面临更多的困难和挑战.近年来,围绕国家重大能源战略需求,瞄准技术发展前沿,学术界和工业界联合对页岩气高效开采的关键科学和技术问题展开研究.本文结合近三年四川、重庆地区的页岩气试验区块遇到的新问题,针对中国未来3 500 m以下深部开采的新挑战,如地质沉积、裂缝发育构造不同、上覆压力增加、水平应力场变化等新问题,介绍和总结了目前中国页岩气高效开采面临的力学科学问题,主要包括多重耦合下的安全优质钻完井力学理论和方法、水力压裂体积改造和多尺度缝网形成机制、多尺度渗流力学特性与解吸附机理等."深部页岩气高效开采"的研究面向国家重大能源需求,科学意义重大,工程背景明确,需要工程力学、石油工程、地球物理、化学工程和环境工程等多学科专家合作,开展理论研究、物理模拟、数值模拟及现场试验等综合应用基础研究,取得高效开采页岩油气理论与技术的突破.学科交叉是研究页岩气高效开采问题、突破技术瓶颈的桥梁,只有力学与石油工程、地球科学等学科实现深度交叉融合,才能更加有效地推动页岩油气等非常规油气资源的开发.     

大功率半导体激光器叠层无氧铜微通道热沉

建立了叠层无氧铜微通道热沉的散热模型,通过理论计算和近似分析,优化了微通道热沉的结构参数;在t=200μm, ωc=60μm, ωf=100μm,p=2. 02×106 Pa时,可获得最小热沉热阻Rthm =4. 205×10-3 K·cm2 /W。根据优化结果,考虑微通道取向对液压降的影响,设计了一种新型大功率半导体激光器叠阵用五层结构叠层无氧铜微通道热沉,并结合实际工艺制备了无氧铜微通道热沉。在实际工作中,优化结果往往要跟实际工艺相结合,如优化所得的水压降为 2 02×106 Pa,这在实际工艺中较难实现。但在热沉实际工作的水压降条件下,热阻为 4. 982×10-3 K·cm2 /W,它能满足高功率激光器叠阵的需要。     

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对ITER包层屏蔽块进行了热工水力学设计及分析,并给出了两套合理的加热方案.分析结果表明,可以通过分阶段改变入口气体温度的方法实现在高效加热屏蔽块的同时满足工程及部件热应力的技术要求,并通过热应力计算验证了加热过程不会对屏蔽块产生不可预期的结构破坏.     

复杂水力计算中的高次方程问题

将实际工程中的复杂水力计算问题归纳为对高次方程的求解,并提出快速、正确解决这类问题的数值方法——中点迭代法,对解决实际工程问题具有指导意义.     

A new analysis of reciprocated beam bending in electrostatic comb drives using a semi-analytical approach

This paper investigates a new modeling and analysis of the voltage induced reciprocated beam bending effects in the unit cell of a planar, variable gap type, capacitive comb drive structures. A semi-analytical approach has been efficiently formulated to solve this coupled electromechanical problem under a steady state condition. The effect of fringe field is also incorporated to improvise on the accuracy of the solution. Additionally, an energy-based method as well as a finite element (FE) based model has been constructed to simulate and validate the semi-analytical approach. The results show that the reciprocated bending of the beams has significant effects on the performance parameters like displacement, capacitance and pull-in characteristics in the comb drive systems. This effect is also seen to vary with applied voltage and stiffness of the combs and springs. Further, a comparison with conventional lumped model shows considerable difference in the estimated values for different parameters indicating a more practical prediction through the proposed approach. Finally, a set of design guidelines is discussed to reduce this bending, so that its effects on the performance of comb drive systems can be minimized.