含碳化钨硬相镍基涂层耐磨粒磨损性能研究

为了改善沙漠地区用汽车发动机缸套／活塞环系统的抗磨粒磨损性能，延长发动机的使用寿命，对３种含不等量硬质相ＷＣ颗粒的镍基复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能进行了试验研究，并且利用扫描电子显微镜对复合涂层表面进行了观察，在此基础上又对其抗磨粒磨损作用机理进行了分析与讨论。Ｆａｌｅｘ试验结果表明，含ＷＣ硬质相的镍基复合涂层的抗磨粒磨损性能明显地比常用缸套／活塞环材料碳铸铁的好，适用于磨粒磨损十分严重的沙漠地区车辆汽     

Experimental Investigation of the Generation of Internal Waves by a Vertical Cylinder in a Near-Surface Pycnocline

A bench study of the amplitudes, mode composition, and phase structure of the internal waves generated by a vertical cylinder in the presence of a near-surface pycnocline has been performed; the pycnocline took the form of a stratified fluid layer located between two quasi-homogeneous layers of thicknesses h ₁ and h ₂=2h ₁. In the experiments, the cylinder traveled at velocities critical with respect to internal wave generation. Different cases of model submergence relative to the pycnocline are considered. The dependence of the mode structure and the amplitude-phase characteristics of the forced internal waves on the body velocity and its relative submergence is analyzed. The parameters of both steady and unsteady wave systems are studied.The data obtained make it possible to predict the forced wave parameters and the critical body velocities for given model dimensions and pycnocline parameters.     

汽缸结构上下缸接触的有限元分析

采用有限元软件MSC／NASTRAN计算分析了汽轮机汽缸结构上下缸接触状态的应力分布和变形．分析了汽缸在温度场作用下以及温度场同内压联合作用下的应力分布情况，重点分析上下半缸的螺栓连接面——中分面上的应力和变形情况．建立了气缸三维实体有限元分析模型，并对每根连接螺栓均建立了模拟模型．分析结果表明，同内压引起的应力相比，热应力是缸体中应力的主要成分．当内外壁温差达到100℃时，缸体中最大应力为1230MPa，出现在约束处应力集中部位，缸体绝大部分应力水平在600-700MPa；汽缸外壁温度为250℃时，缸体中最大应力为1080MPa，缸体绝大部分应力水平在100MPa，得出减小汽缸内外壁的温差能有效减小缸体中应力的结论．分析表明，缸体轴向最大伸长量为2．55mm，横向最大变形为2．02mm．Z向最大位移为1．24mm．中分面有分离，但分离程度较小，分离值均在10^—3mm量级上．     

A Model Problem of the Design and Aerodynamical Calculation of the Gliding Wing Airfoil of a Wing-in-Ground Vehicle

The problem of the design and aerodynamical calculation of a wing airfoil whose trailing edge glides over a plane horizontal surface is formulated and solved. The known airfoil undersurface is a rectilinear segment forming a given angle with the ground surface, while the upper surface is sought on the basis of a preassigned velocity distribution. This distribution is taken from a class of hydrodynamically advantageous distributions ensuring separationless flow around the airfoil within the framework of the mathematical flow model adopted. The problem is reduced to a mixed boundary value problem in a half-plane and solved analytically. For calculating the lift coefficient the assumption of a thin jetlet flowing between the horizontal region of the airfoil contour and the ground surface is introduced. The effect of the law of pressure decrease along the jetlet, from the stagnation to the exit value, on the lift coefficient is studied. On the basis of the calculations performed a conclusion is drawn concerning the influence of the rectilinear region slope on the airfoil shape; it is also shown how the slope and the value of the maximum velocity on the airfoil affect its shape and the lift coefficient.     

A SOLUTION OF COSINE PRESSURES ON A HOLLOW CYLINDER AND THE LIMIT WHEN k→0

A new stress function is found in this paper and then the problems of cosine pressures on a hollow cylinder are solved with the new stress function,which provides the basis for the solution of the problems of space symmetrical deformation of a hollow cylinder.When the pressures do not vary in the axial direction,that is,when k→0,the lame formulae can be deduced.     

The effect of particles on fluid turbulence in a turbulent boundary layer over a cylinder

The turbulent fluid and particle interaction in the turbulent boundary layer for cross flow over a cylinder has been experimentally studied. A phase-Doppler anemometer was used to measure the mean and fluctuating velocities of both phases. Two size ranges of particles (30μm–60μm and 80μm–150μm) at certain concentrations were used for considering the effects of particle sizes on the mean velocity profiles and on the turbulent intensity levels. The measurements clearly demonstrated that the larger particles damped fluid turbulence. For the smaller particles, this damping effect was less noticeable. The measurements further showed a delay in the separation point for two phase turbulent cross flow over a cylinder. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Near-wake flow structure of elliptic cylinders close to a free surface: effect of cylinder aspect ratio

The flow fields behind elliptic cylinders adjacent to a free surface were investigated experimentally in a circulating water channel. A range of cylinder aspect ratios (AR=2, 3, 4) were considered, while the cross-sectional area of the elliptical cylinder was kept constant. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cylinder aspect ratio and a free surface on the flow structure in the near-wake behind elliptic cylinders. For each elliptic cylinder, the flow structure was analyzed for various values of the submergence depth of the cylinder beneath the free surface. The flow fields were measured using a single-frame double-exposure PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system. For each experimental condition, 350 instantaneous velocity fields were obtained and ensemble-averaged to obtain the mean velocity field and spatial distribution of the mean vorticity statistics. The results show that near-wake can be classified into three typical flow patterns: formation of a Coanda flow, generation of substantial jet-like flow, and attachment of this jet flow to the free surface. The general flow structure observed behind the elliptic cylinders resembles the structure previously reported for a circular cylinder submerged near a free surface. However, the wake width and the angle of downward deflection of the shear layer developed from the lower surface of the elliptic cylinder differ from those observed for a circular cylinder. These trends are enhanced as cylinder aspect ratio is increased. In addition, the free surface distortion is also discussed in the paper.     

Intrinsic Permeability Evolution in High Temperature Concrete: An Experimental and Numerical Analysis

This paper presents an experimental and thermo-hydro-chemical-mechanical numerical analysis of concrete at high temperatures, aiming at the definition of a law describing the evolution of intrinsic permeability. The evaluation of heat and mass transfers, evolution of the phases composing the porous medium, and mechanical performances of concrete are taken into account in a full three phases coupled analysis. An experimental set-up and a numerical simulation are then presented. A hollow cylinder has been heated up to 523.15 K (250 °C) on the internal side and subjected to gas pressure/temperature measurements; the experience has been then simulated by means of a numerical code. The analysis has allowed for the definition of an original relationship describing intrinsic permeability evolution. Finally, the law has been validated measuring the actual value of intrinsic permeability on heated concrete.     

Negative wake generation of FENE-CR fluids in uniform and Poiseuille flows past a cylinder

The effect of flow conditions on the negative wake generation (longitudinal velocity overshoot behind a cylinder in the viscoelastic fluid flow along the centerline) has been investigated. FENE-CR model that predicts constant shear viscosity and controlled extensional viscosity was considered as a constitutive equation. The discrete elastic viscous split stress-G/streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (DEVSS-G/SUPG) formulation was employed and the high-resolution solutions were obtained with an efficient iterative solver based on the incomplete LU(0)-type preconditioner and BiCGSTAB. We found that the negative wake generation was more obvious in uniform flow conditions than in Poiseuille flow, which suggests that the experimentally unrevealed negative wake generation of Boger fluids could be partially attributed to the geometrical effect of Poiseuille flow. The negative wake generation was more discernable at low extensibility and high value of viscosity ratio, which agrees well with the previous studies. In addition, we could observe an undershoot phenomenon in Poisseuille flow condition, which has never been reported.     

Impingement heat transfer at a circular cylinder due to a submerged slot jet of water

An experimental investigation was carried out on the heat transfer due to a submerged slot jet of water impinging on a circular cylinder in crossflow. The cylinder diameter and the slot width are of the same order of magnitude, specifically D_s = 2.0 and 3.0 mm and D_c = 2.5 and 3.0 mm. The experimental apparatus allowed variation of the slot width, the cylinder diameter, and the distance from nozxle exit to heater. Conditions of impingement from the bottom (ascending flow) were taken into consideration as well as impingement from above (descending flow). The Nusselt number was determined as a function of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers in the range 1.5 × 10³ < Re < 2.0 × 10⁴, 2.7 < Pr < 7.0, and 1.5 ≤ z/D_s ≤ 10. The experimental data were correlated with a simple equation that fits 90% of the data with a precision of 20%.