伴随超空泡产生的高速细长体入水实验研究

介绍了几种不同工况下高速细长体入水过程的实验研究工作. 用高速摄影仪实时记录了细长体高速入水时与自由液面之间的瞬态相互冲击作用, 清晰地观察了细长体高速入水后诱导生成的水中空泡流的形态及其演化过程. 具体分析了几种工况下高速细长体入水瞬间自由面的波动特性和细长体入水后运动的不稳定性. 从实时记录的照片中,测量出相邻2帧图片之间的细长体的位移差之后, 计算出细长体在入水过程中以及在水中的瞬时速度. 通过分析物体速度的变化趋势, 了解了超空泡流动的复杂过程.      

爆轰加载下金属柱壳膨胀破裂过程研究

采用前照明的高速分幅照相对不同壁厚的45钢柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀破裂过程进行了研究,实验成功拍摄到45钢柱壳前表面裂纹生成、扩展及产物泄漏的过程图像。研究表明:膨胀应变率在104s-1附近时,随着应变率的增加,45钢柱壳的各特征应变均有所增加,断裂模式由拉剪混合向单一剪切转变;45钢柱壳的膨胀破裂有一个过程,从柱壳的外壁面可以观察到裂纹生成至产物开始泄漏经历时间历程的长短与柱壳壁厚相关,柱壳壁越厚,从外壁出现裂纹到产物开始泄漏的时间间隔越长;由回收破片厚度测量推算出的膨胀断裂应变与动态实验过程中产物开始泄漏时的断裂应变基本一致。     

Isolation and purification of high polar glycosides from aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino by linear gradient counter-current chromatography coupled with inner-recycling mode

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino represents the popular health food and supplemental product with broad pharmacological activities. The highly polar glycosides, including flavonoids and saponins, are major effective active components that contain diverse sugar positions and quantities, which result in diverse chemical polarities, making it challenging to separate and isolate these components. The present work described the rapid and efficient linear gradient counter-current chromatography to preparatively separate glycosides from aboveground parts of G. pentaphyllum. Besides, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol binary mobile phases were achieved through adjusting associated proportions. Six glycosides, including quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside ( 1 ), kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside ( 2 ), kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside ( 3 ), gypenoside LVI ( 4 ), ginsenoside Rb3 ( 5 ), and gypenoside XLVI ( 6 ), were isolated at the purities greater than 98%. Moreover, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance tandem mass spectrometry were conducted for structural identification. According to our findings, the established linear gradient counter-current chromatography was an efficient approach to separate the highly polar glycosides from aboveground parts of G. pentaphyllum. Our proposed strategy can be used to separate active compounds from other complex natural products.     

Probing the Regioselectivity with Encapsulated H2: Diels–Alder Reaction of an Open-Cage C60 Derivative with Anthracene

The regioselectivity in the Diels–Alder reaction of an unsymmetrical open-cage C₆₀ derivative with anthracene was studied. By using an encapsulated H₂ molecule as a magnetic probe, the product population was successfully evaluated in detail, indicating the formation of approximately ten compounds as major components. The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations showed a close resemblance to the observed ¹H NMR spectrum, which allowed for a facile characterization of the products. Theoretical studies on the formation of all 29 possible anthracene adducts were also performed. The results indicated that the regioselectivity is strongly governed by steric factors, values of the frontier orbital coefficients, and thermodynamic stabilities. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the dominant compound revealed the supramolecular architecture between the anthracene moiety and the π-sphere of a neighboring molecule.     

Theoretical research and experimental validation of quasi-static load spectra on bogie frame structures of high-speed trains

One of the major problems in structural fatigue life analysis is establishing structural load spectra under actual operating conditions.This study conducts theoretical research and experimental validation of quasi-static load spectra on bogie frame structures of high-speed trains.The quasistatic load series that corresponds to quasi-static deformation modes are identified according to the structural form and bearing conditions of high-speed train bogie frames.Moreover,a force-measuring frame is designed and manufactured based on the quasi-static load series.The load decoupling model of the quasi-static load series is then established via calibration tests.Quasi-static load–time histories,together with online tests and decoupling analysis,are obtained for the intermediate range of the Beijing—Shanghai dedicated passenger line.The damage consistency calibration of the quasi-static discrete load spectra is performed according to a damage consistency criterion and a genetic algorithm.The calibrated damage that corresponds with the quasi-static discrete load spectra satisfies the safety requirements of bogie frames.     

Mathematical expression of pressure gradient in the flow of spherical capsules less dense than water

This study yielded a mathematical expression to calculate the pressure gradient (ΔP/L)_m of the flow of a spherical capsule train. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine pressure drops of two-phase mixture flow of spherical ice capsules and water inside the pipelines of cooling systems. Instead of ice capsules, spherical capsules made of polypropylene material whose density (870 kg/m³) is similar to that of ice were used in the experiments. Flow behavior of the spherical capsules, 0.08 m outer diameter, was observed in the measuring section inside plexiglass pipes, 0.1 m inner diameter (ID) and 6 m in length; pressure drops were measured on the 4 m section. The investigation was carried out in the 1.2 × 10⁴ < Re < 1.5 × 10⁵ range and under transport concentration (C_tr) by 5–30%. Dimensionless numbers of the physical event were found out by conducting a dimensional analysis, so that mixture density was expressed in terms of specific gravity and in situ concentration. After arriving at certain conclusions based on the relevant experimental findings and observations, empirical and mathematical models which can be used for calculation of the pressure gradient were developed. Comparison of the mathematical model with the experimental findings revealed that pressure drop values deviated by 2.7% on average for 2.5 × 10⁴ < Re < 1.5 × 10⁵.     

爆炸成型弹丸的试验研究

本文主要介绍了在炸药爆炸驱动下形成EFP的装药结构设计，并对爆炸形成EFP过程进行了必要的光测和电测，得到EFP运动过程的分幅照片，EFP速度－距离曲线。对钢板叠靶及混凝土靶进行了模拟实验，并对破坏效果进行了分析与讨论。     

列车编组对桥梁振动响应影响的试验研究

通过对两座桥梁振动测试结果的分析，发现列车编组对桥梁振动响应很有影响，且这一现象过去常常被忽略。本文详细研究了列车编组与桥梁横向振动响应之间的关系，同时还就一座桥梁加固后的试验结果进行分析，指出用改善列车编组的方法提高桥梁动态性能的必要性和可行性。     

隧道中高速列车空气阻力的数值计算

对高速列车在隧道中行驶时所引起的湍流场进行了数值模拟，计算了列车所受到的空气阻力。数值计算采用变密度、轴对称的ｋ～ε模型和ＰＩＳＯ算法，并将粗糙面速度分布公式和尼古拉兹公式引入壁函数法中，以反映壁面粗糙度的影响，提出了对不规则边界的速度修正法。针对不同的车速、阻塞比和车头细长比，分别进行了模拟，获得了全场的压力分布，以及空气阻力与基本参数的关系，并与传统的经典方法阻力计算结果进行了对比分析。