Population Balance Model for Miniemulsion Polymerization, 2

Summary: The predictions of the model developed in Part 1 of this series are compared with experimental values taken from literature. Initially, the method of solution of the population balance equation and the simulation algorithm are given. Various radical entry mechanisms are discussed in adequate detail. Plausible arguments are given to identify the correct radical entry mechanism. An expression to evaluate the radical exit coefficient is given. Model predictions of a number of variables are discussed. These include average number of radicals per particle, particle phase monomer volume fraction, average number of radicals averaged over all particles, monomer volume fraction averaged over all particles, variation of nucleation rate, variation of fraction of droplets nucleated, variation of average diameter, variation of standard deviation, variation of polydispersity index, and development of particle size distribution with time. Finally, model predictions for the variation of conversion with time for five different initiator concentrations, number average diameter, standard deviation and full distribution are compared with experimental values.

Variation in the average number of radicals per particle with time, at different collocation points.     

行波管三维非线性计算机模拟的改进

采用宏粒子模型计算空间电荷力,导出行波管三维大讯号工作方程组,开发出ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋数值分析软件。随后进行计算机模拟,提出将三维空间电荷力处理为二维,大大节省了计算时间,数值结果与三维计算吻合很好。     

辐射诊断用的光纤传输系统

光纤频带宽、线径细、抗电磁干扰、抗腐蚀。近年来它在高能粒子物理、聚变研究、核爆和核动力学诊断等不利环境中的应用,引起了人们极大的关注。本文将扼要介绍采用光纤传输的快脉冲辐射诊断系统,并以核爆诊断为例说明这类系统的特点及与以往同轴电缆传输系统相比的优越性。     

New data on the p + N → [Σ0K+] + N reaction at E p= 70 GeV and the search for exotic baryons

New data for the diffractive reaction p+N→ [Σ⁰ K ⁺] +N at E _p= 70 GeV were obtained with partially upgraded SPHINX setup. The data are in a good agreement with the results of our previous study of this reaction. In the mass spectrum M(Σ⁰ K ⁺) a structure at the threshold region with a mass ∼1810 MeV and a distinct X(2000) peak with M= 1989 ± 6 MeV and γ= 91 ± 20 MeV are observed. Unusual features of the massive X(2000) state (narrow decay width, anomalously large branching ratio for the decay channel with strange particle emission) make it a serious candidate for cryptoexotic pentaquark baryon with hidden strangeness |qqqsˉs>. We also present new results on the narrow threshold structure X(1810) with M= 1807 ± 7 MeV and γ= 62 ± 19 MeV which is produced in the region of very small P ² _T < 0.01 GeV². The possibility of the Coulomb production mechanism for X(1810) is discussed. Received: 28 April 1999     

Simulation of Nanoparticle Production in Premixed Aerosol Flow Reactors by Interfacing Fluid Mechanics and Particle Dynamics

The interaction of fluid mechanics and particle dynamics at the very early stages of flame synthesis largely affects the characteristics of the product powder. Detailed simulations provide a better understanding of these processes, which take place in a few milliseconds, and offer the possibility to influence the product characteristics by intelligent selection of the process parameters. The present paper reports on the simulation of titania powder formation by TiCl₄ oxidation in an aerosol flow reactor. A commercially available fluid mechanics code is used for the detailed calculation of the fluid flow and the chemical reaction at non-isothermal conditions. This code is then interfaced with a model for aggregate particle dynamics neglecting the spread of the particle size distribution. The simulation shows the onset of the particle formation in the reactor and calculates the dynamic evolution of the aggregate particle size, number of primary particles per aggregate and the specific surface area throughout the reactor. The presented, newly developed calculation technique allows for the first time the simulation of particle formation processes under the authentic, complex conditions as found in actual aerosol reactors.     

Investigations of heavy ion tracks in polyethylene naphthalate films

The heavy ion beam (with fluence 3x10⁸ ion/cm²) from a cyclotron has been used for irradiation of thin polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) films. Latent tracks in these polymeric films have been sensitized by UV radiation and then chemically etched in NaOH solution. The etching process parameters have been controlled by the electroconductivity method. After etching, parameters of samples have been examined by SEM and bubble point methods (Coulter® Porometer II instrument). Results have shown good quality of PEN track membranes with pore sizes in the range: 0.1 – 0.5 μm. The described procedure is known for thin polythylene terephthalate (PET) films. Taking into consideration that PEN films have got better mechanical, thermal, gas barrier as well as better chemical resistance properties in comparison with PET films, the possibility of application of such membranes is much wider.     

Study of latent and etched tracks by a charged particle transmission technique

A recently suggested technique for non-destructive investigation of inhomogeneities in thin objects, which is based on the measurement of the energy spectra of charged particles transmitted through the object, is used for the study of thermal annealing of 10–20 μm thick polyethylene terephtalate, polypropylene and polycarbonate foils irradiated with 1–10 MeV/amu heavy ions. At elevated temperature a foil linear contraction is observed on pristine and irradiated material. Also the foil roughness increases with increasing temperature. On the same foils with etched pores 0.5–1.0 μm in diameter, the thermal annealing results in gradual closing of the pores up to about 30% of their initial diameter at the temperatures of 150–175°C. At higher temperatures the pore diameter increases and achieves its initial value.     

STABILITY OF EMULSIFIER-FREE EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE/BUTYL ACRYLATE/SODIUM MONO(ETHYL POLYOXYETHYLENE)MALEATE

A series of new water-soluble bifunctional comonomers having both carboxyl and alkylpolyoxyethylene groups, such as sodium mono(ethyl polyoxyethylene) maleate (ZE series) with variousmolecular weights of polyoxyethylene ethyl ether, were synthesized and characterized. The effects of thestructural factor, the amount and feeding mode of the comonomers, the initiator concentration andpolymerization temperature on the stability of emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of a small amount of ZE with potassiumpersulfate as initiator were investigated. Stable, almost monodispersed MMA/BA/ZE emulsifier-free latexparticles were prepared.     

超细颗粒卤化银的制备与稳定性

卤化银微晶体是一种典型的与成像材料相关的无机微粒子。一个多世纪以来,它所特有的光敏性能使之在成像科学领域中一直占据着重要的地位。近二十年来,纳米粒子化学和物理的迅速发展对于推动成像科学技术前进产生了不可低估的影响。纳米级超细颗粒卤化银的制备与性能研究十分活跃,它不仅对于深入认识卤化银成像机理具有重要意义,而且在形成新的特殊照相材料如超高解像力照相材料等方面起着关键性作用。超细颗粒卤化银的制备方法基本上可概括为两种,即直接反应法与间接反应法。前者是在某种保护性介质中同时注入银盐与卤盐,使之直接反应…     

环氧氯丙烷法制备超细β-FeOOH粒子

FeCl₃水溶液和环氧氯丙烷作用,可生成β-FeOOH溶胶,粒子外形呈纺锤状,粒径分布均匀。溶胶经表面处理,可制得油溶性β-FeOOH超细粒子。采用多步反应法,还可控制粒子的大小,并保持粒子外形的各向异性不变。