Multi-location laser ignition using a spatial light modulator towards improving automotive gasoline engine performance

We report on a study into multi-location laser ignition (LI) with a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), to improve the performance of a single cylinder automotive gasoline engine. Three questions are addressed: i/ How to deliver a multi-beam diffracted pattern into an engine cylinder, through a small opening, while avoiding clipping? ii/ How much incident energy can a SLM handle (optical damage threshold) and how many simultaneous beam foci could thus be created? ; iii/ Would the multi-location sparks created be sufficiently intense and stable to ignite an engine and, if so, what would be their effect on engine performance compared to single-location LI? Answers to these questions were determined as follows. Multi-beam diffracted patterns were created by applying computer generated holograms (CGHs) to the SLM. An optical system for the SLM was developed via modelling in ZEMAX, to cleanly deliver the multi-beam patterns into the combustion chamber without clipping. Optical damage experiments were carried out on Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) samples provided by the SLM manufacturer and the maximum safe pulse energy to avoid SLM damage found to be 60 mJ. Working within this limit, analysis of the multi-location laser induced sparks showed that diffracting into three identical beams gave slightly insufficient energy to guarantee 100% sparking, so subsequent engine experiments used 2 equal energy beams laterally spaced by 4 mm. The results showed that dual-location LI gave more stable combustion and higher engine power output than single-location LI, for increasingly lean air-fuel mixtures. The paper concludes by a discussion of how these results may be exploited.     

分析测试新成果(230~237)2种常见燃油添加剂对汽油燃烧烟尘的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,根据汽油原样中的特征成分,对未加入和分别加入汽油燃油精、海龙燃油宝的汽油燃烧烟尘进行对比分析.结果表明,汽油燃油精的加入会使汽油燃烧烟尘中各类特征成分的百分含量有所变化,但对谱图和特征成分的影响较小;而海龙燃油宝的加入对汽油燃烧烟尘的谱图、特征成分及其个数、各类特征成分的百分含量均产生较大影响.结果为火灾物证鉴定提供一定的参考依据.     

Catalytic conversion of fatty acid mixture to liquid fuels over mesoporous material

Summary The catalytic cracking activity of mesoporous materials for the production of biofuel from fatty acid mixture is reported. AlMCM-41 synthesized was ion-exchanged with calcium ions and this material showed better hydrothermal stability but was less selective in the yield of gasoline fraction. Aluminium-containing LPMM-41 showed improved hydrothermal stability with the optimum yield of 43 wt.% gasoline fraction in the liquid hydrocarbon fuel product.     

碱处理浓度对预脱铝ZSM-5成孔过程及其MTG反应性能的影响

在80℃水浴条件下,对ZSM-5分子筛进行酸碱处理改性;重点考察了碱处理溶液浓度对酸预处理脱铝后ZSM-5分子筛微观结构及其催化甲醇制汽油(MTG)性能的影响。通过BET、XRD、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD和TEM等手段对样品进行表征。结果表明,单独酸处理没有改变分子筛孔结构,单独碱处理产生了并不明显的介孔。酸预处理后再碱处理可促进介孔的产生,产生更为显著的介孔结构;而且随着碱处理强度的增加,分子筛样品的介孔/微孔比表面积比例和孔体积均先增大后降低。酸浓度2mol·L^-1,碱浓度0.4mol·L^-1条件处理得到的分子筛,介孔比表面积比例和孔容均达到最大,酸量和酸强度最低。在400℃,0.1MPa,WHSV=2.1h^-1条件下,甲醇制汽油反应性能最佳:汽油收率由未改性时的30wt%提高到34wt%,寿命更是由16h延长到135h,芳烃含量由原来的73wt%降至20wt%。     

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in the Systems Ethyl 1,1-Dimethylethyl Ether + Cyclohexane and + Benzene at 94.00 kPa

Abstract

Consistent vapor-liquid equilibria for the binary systems of ETBE with benzene and cyclohexane at 94.00 kPa have been measured. Both systems show slightly positive deviation from ideal behavior and do no present azeotropic behavior. The activity coefficients and boiling points of the solutions were correlated with its mole fractions by the Redlich-Kister, Wohl, Wilson, UNIQUAC, NRTL, and Wisniak -Tamir equations. The data were also compared with UNIFAC predictions.     

Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons: how zeolite cavity and pore size controls product selectivity

Liquid hydrocarbon fuels play an essential part in the global energy chain, owing to their high energy density and easy transportability. Olefins play a similar role in the production of consumer goods. In a post-oil society, fuel and olefin production will rely on alternative carbon sources, such as biomass, coal, natural gas, and CO(2). The methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process is a key step in such routes, and can be tuned into production of gasoline-rich (methanol to gasoline; MTG) or olefin-rich (methanol to olefins; MTO) product mixtures by proper choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. This Review presents several commercial MTH projects that have recently been realized, and also fundamental research into the synthesis of microporous materials for the targeted variation of selectivity and lifetime of the catalysts.     

Chemometrics in fuel science: demonstration of the feasibility of chemometrics analyses applied to physicochemical parameters to screen solvent tracers in Brazilian commercial gasoline

Samples of commercial gasoline, from the National Program of Fuel Quality Monitoring of the National Petroleum Agency, were collected from gas stations located in the Midwestern state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and analyzed by several physicochemical standard methods established by ANP Resolution no. 309. Also, important information related to tampering was analyzed with the marker solvent. Statistical analysis and exploratory chemometric were employed to discriminate the presence of markers of solvents in commercial gasoline. The results showed that statistical and chemometric parameters such as atmospheric distillation temperatures T10 and T90, RON, benzene and saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons satisfactorily describe the presence of marker solvent, usually with a probability exceeding 70%. Furthermore, after optimizing the SIMCA algorithm, sensitivity in the training set with cross‐validation leave‐one‐out (83.8%) and the set of prediction (77.1%) were revealed. The proposed method will become indispensable and recommended for discriminating samples of fuels for commercial applications in routine monitoring programs and quality control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维气相色谱技术分析汽油中的3种酯类化合物

建立了一种采用填充柱切割-反吹二维气相色谱分析汽油中酯类化合物（包括乙酸乙酯、乙酸仲丁酯、碳酸二甲酯）的方法。利用非极性填充预柱将汽油中沸点低于正辛烷的轻组分保留进入分析柱,重组分反吹放空,轻组分和酯类化合物经一个装填有强极性固定相的色谱柱分离分析。采用外标法定量,3种酯类化合物在50~50000 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r²）分别为0.99999、1.00000和0.99995,标准样品6次重复性测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于1.0%,回收率在98.7%~107.9%之间,方法检出限（S/N=3）为5 mg/L。该方法不需要进行样品前处理,具有操作简单,准确高效的特点,是汽油中酯类化合物测定的理想分析方法。     

介孔材料MCM-41上汽油吸附深度脱硫

 研究了不同硅铝比的MCM-41介孔材料作为吸附剂对模型汽油以及真实FCC汽油的脱硫性能. 结果表明,在室温和常压下,MCM-41介孔材料对模型溶液中噻吩的吸附随着吸附剂中铝含量的增加而显著提高. 吡啶吸附的红外光谱显示,噻吩吸附容量的提高与吸附材料酸性的明显增大有直接关系. 但在对FCC汽油的吸附脱硫实验中,随着MCM-41中铝含量的提高,脱硫率并未增大. 这主要是由于在FCC汽油中存在大量性质与噻吩类含硫化合物十分相近的芳烃和烯烃,竞争吸附导致MCM-41对有机硫化物的吸附能力显著降低.     

中红外光谱对甲醇汽油甲醇含量检测研究

甲醇汽油是一种清洁能源,甲醇汽油中甲醇的含量决定了汽油的性能。通过中红外光谱对甲醇汽油中甲醇含量进行定量检测和分析。首先,对采集的甲醇汽油原始中红外光谱进行平滑处理（smoothing）、多元散射校正（MSC）、基线校正（baseline）、归一化（normalization）等预处理,再建立PLS模型,对比选择最佳预处理方法,结果表明：在多元散射校正（MSC）处理后建立的PLS模型效果最好,模型的预测集相关系数r为0.918,预测均方根误差RMSEP为2.107。为进一步简化模型,提高预测精度,采用无信息变量消除(uninformative variable elimination, UVE)方法对波长进行筛选,将UVE波段筛选之后的作为模型的输入变量,采用偏最小二乘法（partial least squares, PLS）、主成分回归(principal components regression, PCR)和最小二乘支持向量机（least square support vector machine, LSSVM）三种方法分别建立甲醇汽油中甲醇含量的定量预测模型,并比较不同模型的预测效果和结果。结果表明,使用无信息变量消除可以较好提高数据的运算速度,其中,UVE-PLS模型建模效果最好,r和RMSEP分别为0.923和2.075。该实验表明中红外光谱检测甲醇汽油中甲醇含量是可行的并可以得到较好的效果;UVE是一种对甲醇汽油的中红外光谱非常有效的波段筛选方法,该模型的建立对石油化工领域具有较为重要的意义。