气相色谱-表面电离检测器分析汽油中含氮化合物的分布

采用液液萃取的方法分别从90#、93#、97#汽油中提取了含氮化合物,并将气相色谱(GC)和作者所在研究组研制的表面电离检测器(SID)联用对含氮化合物进行了分析。结合GC-氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)、GC-氮磷检测器(NPD)和GC-质谱(MS)的分析结果,可鉴定出GC-SID谱图中的峰基本为含氮化合物,且大部分为NPD和FID未检出的峰,说明SID的选择性和灵敏度更好。分析结果表明,这3种汽油含氮化合物种类相似,含量有所差异;所提取的含氮化合物主要是苯胺类化合物;SID能从汽油样品中检出多种痕量的高沸点含氮组分,对于检测含氮组分而言,SID具有优于商品NPD的灵敏度和选择性。SID为GC分析提供了一种性能优异的选择性检测器。     

Numerical simulation and validation of SI-CAI hybrid combustion in a CAI/HCCI gasoline engine

SI-CAI hybrid combustion, also known as spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), is a promising concept to extend the operating range of CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) and achieve the smooth transition between spark ignition (SI) and CAI in the gasoline engine. In this study, a SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) has been constructed on the basis of the 3-Zones Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z). An ignition model is included to initiate the ECFM3Z calculation and induce the flame propagation. In order to precisely depict the subsequent auto-ignition process of the unburned fuel and air mixture independently after the initiation of flame propagation, the tabulated chemistry concept is adopted to describe the auto-ignition chemistry. The methodology for extracting tabulated parameters from the chemical kinetics calculations is developed so that both cool flame reactions and main auto-ignition combustion can be well captured under a wider range of thermodynamic conditions. The SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) is then applied in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) engine simulation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained from a single cylinder VVA engine. The detailed analysis of the simulations demonstrates that the SI-CAI hybrid combustion process is characterised with the early flame propagation and subsequent multi-site auto-ignition around the main flame front, which is consistent with the optical results reported by other researchers. Besides, the systematic study of the in-cylinder condition reveals the influence mechanism of the early flame propagation on the subsequent auto-ignition.     

Combustion and emission modelling of a direct-injection spark-ignition engine by combining flamelet models for premixed and diffusion flames

The combustion and emission production processes of a DISI (direct-injection spark-ignition) engine were modelled by combining flamelet models for premixed and diffusion flames. A new surrogate fuel was proposed to approximate the complicated composition of real gasoline. In contrast to simpler conventional models, the fuel was modelled as a ternary mixture of three hydrocarbons: iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene. Turbulent flame propagation in a partially premixed field was modelled by a premixed flamelet model. The mass fractions of the detailed composition of species in burnt gas were predicted by a diffusion flamelet model. For the pollutant formation modelling, a two-step oxidation of CO and H₂ was used to simulate the secondary diffusion flame. The extended Zeldovich mechanism was used to model NOx formation, while a phenomenological model was used to model soot formation. This model was initially applied to a simple geometry to investigate the fundamentals of the model's behaviour, after which three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed in a realistic engine geometry.     

Phase Equilibria in the Ternary System Methyl 1,1-Dimethylethyl Ether + Benzene + Toluene

Abstract

Consistent vapor-liquid equilibrium data at 94kPa have been determined for the ternary system methyl 1,1-dimethylethyl ether (MTBE) + benzene + toluene. The results indicate that the system deviates positively from ideality and that no azeotrope is present. The ternary activity coefficients of the system have been correlated with the composition using the Redlich-Kister, Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC, models. It is shown that most of the models allow a very good prediction of the phase equilibrium of the ternary system using the pertinent parameters of the binary systems. In addition, the Wisniak-Tamir relations were used for correlating bubble-point temperatures.     

L/W复合分子筛的合成及在催化裂化汽油加氢改质催化剂中的应用

报道了一种新型复合分子筛L/W的制备、表征及应用.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、氮气吸附-脱附、吡啶红外光谱(Py-IR)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)及拉曼光谱(Raman)等手段系统地比较了复合分子筛与机械混合分子筛的差异.结果表明,机械混合分子筛中的L和W分子筛均以独立相存在,而复合分子筛中L分子筛是部分生长在W分子筛之上的;并且复合分子筛表现出了更大的比表面积和孔径以及更适宜的酸性分布,这有利于反应物的扩散,增强了B酸与L酸的协同效应.在催化裂化反应中,复合分子筛催化剂比机械混合分子筛催化剂具有更高的脱硫活性(脱硫率93.3%)以及更低的辛烷值损失(ΔRON=-1.15).     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定汽油中锰的不确定度评价

分析与讨论了汽油中锰含量测定过程中的不确定度来源,并对各个不确定度分量进行量化与合成,计算出火焰原子吸收光谱法测定汽油中锰含量的相对合成不确定度为0.083（锰含量约为10 mg/L）,扩展不确定度U为1.8 mg/L（置信水平为95%,k=2）. 比较各个不确定度分量可知,测定结果的不确定度主要源自标准工作溶液的最小二乘法拟合.     

催化裂化轻汽油及其醚化产品的分析

采用气相色谱-质谱、气相色谱-红外、色谱保留值法、化学法、转化率计算法等技术对催化裂化轻汽油中的组分特别是活性烯烃及其醚化产物进行了结构确定,用色谱峰面积校正归一法测定醚化产品中醚的含量;方法被用于催化裂化轻汽油的醚化催化剂评价和工艺研究。     

一种消除在线多通道近红外分析仪各通道光谱差异的方法

针对在线多通道近红外分析仪因光纤耦合器件加工精度和装配过程存在细微差异而引起通道间光谱不一致的问题,在对光谱差异进行解析的基础上,提出了一种运算简捷、且在实际应用中易于实现的平均光谱差值校正(MSSC)方法,并与常用的模型传递算法如斜率／偏差(S／B)算法、分段直接校正(PDS)算法,以及通过偏最小二乘-人工神经网络(PLS-ANN)建立多通道混合校正模型进行了对比。结果表明,该方法可有效消除各通道所测光谱之间存在的差异,实现了多通道分析模型的通用性。     

三维荧光光谱多峰校正测量水中汽油浓度

针对荧光峰值法浓度测量中最佳激发和发射波长的选择问题,提出基于三维荧光光谱的多峰线性回归参数比较法。以市售93号和97号汽油为例,首先利用FS920型稳态荧光光谱仪扫描纯水和纯油品的三维荧光光谱,确定特征荧光峰峰位和强度;其次按不同体积比分别配置7种浓度的油水混合液样品,提取不同样品的荧光峰峰位、强度等特征参量,发现浓度对荧光峰特征参量有较大干扰;然后用排除法确定了93号和97号油水混合液样品分别有23个和22个特征峰;最后采用最小二乘法对每个峰的强度与浓度作线性回归,通过对校正决定系数、F值、灵敏度和截距等参数的比较得出,93号和97号油水混合液的最佳激发/发射波长分别为275/302 nm和285/322 nm。实验结果表明,根据最佳峰校正模型,93号和97号汽油浓度测量的绝对误差分别为0.006‰、0.007‰,比传统的最强峰校正模型精度高1个数量级。     

中红外光谱技术对乙醇汽油乙醇含量的检测

乙醇汽油是一种新型清洁燃料,燃料乙醇在乙醇汽油中的含量会影响发动机的性能。为了确保发动机的工作可靠性,需要对乙醇汽油中的乙醇含量进行快速精准检测。本文使用中红外光谱技术对采集到的乙醇汽油的光谱数据进行定量分析。首先对原始光谱数据使用多元散射校正、基线校正、一阶导数、二阶导数等预处理方法进行预处理。然后利用ELM、LSSVM、PLS对乙醇汽油中的乙醇含量建立预测模型,通过比较3种建模方法对乙醇含量的预测能力发现,PLS方法的精度比其余两种方法更高。模型决定因子R2为0.958,预测均方误差RMSEP为1.479%(V/V,体积比)。中红外光谱技术对乙醇汽油乙醇含量的快速准确检测提供了新的思路。