FI-KR-FAAS空气混合吸附二次气体分隔洗脱法测定海洋生物样中的痕量铅

建立了流动注射（flow injection, FI）空气混合吸附预富集编结反应器（knotted reactor, KR）二次气体分隔洗脱法与火焰原子吸收光谱法（flame atomic absorption spectrum, FAAS）联用测定海洋生物样中的痕量铅。在预富集步骤,空气、络合剂和铅溶液在线混合,空气的引入,大大提高了铅的螯合物在KR内壁的吸附效果。在洗脱前,通入一段空气流,在洗脱过程中,即在非完全洗脱时,加入一段空气流,两段空气流的引入,大大降低了被分析物在洗脱液中的分散,提高了信号响应值,从而提高了浓集系数（enhancement factor, EF）。将空气混合吸附预富集与二次气体分隔洗脱法联用,使得KR吸附富集效果和洗脱效果达到了更高的水平。和微柱的低寿命、高反压相比,KR反压小,耐酸耐碱,寿命几乎无限长,对蠕动泵的要求很低,不易造成溶液渗漏等问题。在洗脱过程进行到第5秒时输入1 s空气流作为间隔,而不是等整个洗脱过程完成以后再输入空气流,此方法的优点是：洗脱完全,而且大大降低了被分析物在洗脱过程中的分散,吸收信号值大大增加。如果单纯地把洗脱时间降到5 s,那么洗脱会非常不完全,也就是没有洗脱干净,在管路中还会残存大量的被分析物,残存的被分析物被带入下一个样品分析中,会对整个实验造成很大的误差,所有的实验数据都将不准,失去数据利用价值。所以完全的洗脱是非常必要的,必须保证一定的洗脱时间。由于随着洗脱过程的进行,洗脱下来的被分析物呈逐渐减小的趋势,在以往洗脱方法中,等到整个洗脱过程全部进行完以后,被分析物在洗脱液中的分散已经相当严重了,导致所得到吸收信号值大大减小。在洗脱过程中插入空气流,即在非完全洗脱时插入空气流,降低了被分析物在洗脱过程中的分散,同时保证了洗脱的完全,大大提高了吸收信号峰值。优化了络合剂种类、浓度和酸度,样品富集时间和流速,空气混合吸附时的空气流速和时间,洗脱前第一次通气时间,预洗脱时间,洗脱过程中第二次通气时间等实验参数。在最佳实验条件下,铅在0.005～0.6 mg·L-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,铅的检出限（3σ）为2.2 μg·L-1。将新方法与直接火焰原子吸收法、传统的FI-KR空气混合吸附预富集普通洗脱法进行了比较,结果显示本方法的浓集系数更高。将该方法应用于海洋生物样中痕量铅的测定,测得鳝鱼、对虾、虾姑、鲟鱼、舌鳎和贻贝标准中的铅含量为0.34~1.92 μg·g-1;加标量为1.0 μg·g-1时,加标回收率为93.5%~96.4%;相对标准偏差为0.52%~2.94%。用FI-KR-FAAS空气混合吸附预富集,二次气体分隔洗脱法测定海洋生物样中的痕量铅,具有富集效果好,准确度高,精密度好,浓集系数高等优点,分析结果令人满意。     

SNR phase order k-space encoding (SPOKE)

A method of determining the phase-encode order for MR Fourier-encoded imaging is described, which provides an additional option for optimizing images from samples with signals that change during data acquisition. Examples are in hyperpolarized helium gas imaging of the lungs where polarization is lost with each RF pulse or the signal changes observed in rapid dynamic studies with T₁ or T₂* contrast agents when mixing is taking place. The method uses a single frequency-encoded projection in the proposed phase-encoding direction. The projection is subsequently sorted into signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) order. The indices of the sorted array are then used to create the phase-encode table to be used for the scan. This phase table is sorted in descending SNR order for signals that decrease during data acquisition and in ascending order for signals that increase during data acquisition. Simulations suggest that this technique can produce higher resolution than centric-ordered phase encoding at the expense of increased modulation (ghosting) artifact for dynamically changing signals. Initial practical implementation of the technique has been carried out on a dedicated 0.2-T Niche MR system, and the test object results agree well with simulations. Hyperpolarized 3-He lung images have also been acquired and postprocessed using the SNR phase order k-space encoding (SPOKE) methodology and show potential for improved imaging with high flip angles where polarization is rapidly lost. Applications may also be found for 3D volumetric acquisitions where two dimensions can be SPOKE encoded.     

基于石英增强光声光谱的HCl痕量气体高灵敏度探测研究

HCl是一种有毒有害气体,对其高灵敏度探测具有非常重要的意义,然而到目前为止,采用激光光谱的手段对其探测的研究报道很少。石英增强光声光谱(QEPAS)是近年来发展起来的一种痕量气体探测技术,具有系统体积小、价格低廉、探测灵敏度高等优点。以5 000 ppm HCl∶N₂混合气作为待测目标,采用输出波长为1 742.38 nm的分布反馈连续波单纵模半导体激光器,开展对基于QEPAS技术的HCl高灵敏度探测研究。为了提高信噪比和简化数据处理过程,QEPAS传感器系统采用波长调制和2次谐波探测技术。研究中,首先对声波探测系统中微共振腔强声波增强特性进行了讨论,选择了“共轴”形式的声波微共振腔,并对其尺寸进行了优化,选择的微共振管长度为4 mm、内径为0.5 mm。实验中研究了激光波长调制深度对QEPAS系统产生的信号幅度的影响,当QEPAS系统积分时间为1 s、激光波长调制深度为0.23 cm-1时,获得了815 ppb的优异检测极限,归一化噪声等效吸收系数为7.41×10-9 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2。在后续的实验中,可在待测HCl气体中加入水汽分子,提高HCl分子的热弛豫速率,进一步提高HCl-QEPAS传感器系统的信号强度。     

Thermal stability and photoluminescence property of hexagonal MoO3·0.55H2O microrods

The metastable phase of well-faceted, hexagonal, prism-like molybdenum oxide hydrate (MoO₃·0.55H₂O) was successfully synthesized by evaporating molybdic acid solution prepared through cation membrane electrolysis of Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O aqueous solution. The obtained crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry. The as-prepared MoO₃·0.55H₂O rods were of 2–4 μm in width and 5–12 μm in length. The MoO₃·0.55H₂O microrods displayed photoluminescence properties at room temperature and were transformed into stable orthorhombic α-MoO₃ after air annealing at 380 °C. Moreover, the influence of temperature factor on the phase transformation process, morphology and photoluminescence properties of MoO₃·0.55H₂O was investigated in detail.     

Concentric-ring structures in an atmospheric pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge

This paper performs a numerical simulation of concentric-ring discharge structures within the scope of a two-dimensional diffusion--drift model at atmospheric pressure between two parallel circular electrodes covered with thin dielectric layers. With a relative high frequency the discharge structures present different appearances of ring structures within different radii in time due to the evolvement of the filaments. The spontaneous electron density distributions help understanding the formation and development of self-organized discharge structures. During a cycle the electron avalanches are triggered by the electric field strengthened by the feeding voltage and the residual charged particles on the barrier surface deposited in the previous discharges. The accumulation of charges is shown to play a dominant role in the generation and annihilation of the discharge structures. Besides, the rings split and unify to bring and annihilate rings which form a new discharge structure.     

二级轻气炮超高速弹丸发射技术的研究

 本文研究了提高二级轻气炮弹丸速度的发射技术途径。通过数值计算对各种装填参量的影响进行了详细讨论。认为减小弹丸质量、活塞质量以及注气压力，可使二级轻气炮在较少的装药量条件下提供较高的弹丸速度。目前已经做到在5 kg装药时，使30 g的弹丸达到7.2 km/s速度；60 g弹丸达到5.7 km/s速度；26 g弹丸达到7.4 km/s速度。装填3.5 kg药量时，使10.3 g弹丸达到了8.1 km/s速度。     

Variation of Xe concentration in a high pressure Ar/Xe laser with coaxial e-beam pumping

A series of measurements on the high pressure (up to 18 bar) coaxial e-beam pumped Ar/Xe laser has been made at high power loading (up to 25 MW/cm~2) for various Xe mole fraction in Ar. We found that the optimum laser gas composition in our system was 0.4% Xe in Ar which was independent of the total gas pressure. At the optimum gas composition the output energy increased with increasing total gas pressure up to 16 bar, but the intrinsic efficiency reached a maximum at the total gas pressure of 8 bar. It was also found that at the optimum power deposition for both the 2.63μm and 2.65μm transitions the ratio of the integrated optical energy to that of the 1.73μm transition had a minimum in most cases at the optimum gas mixture for various gas pressures. This ratio increased with increasing gas pressure. The experimental results suggested that besides the 2-body Xe quenching at high Xe fraction and electron collision mixing at high power depositions the heavy particle quenching from Ar at high gas press     

导体及其周围电离气体电磁俘获的数值模拟

 介绍了圆柱导体周围稠密大气部分电离时导体对入射电磁场的散射特性的计算结果。采用了三维时域有限差分方法联合求解Maxwell方程组和空气离子方程组。结果表明,导体周围气体电离等离子体层的存在严重影响电磁场的散射特性,即电子等离子体与导体形成了谐振结构,在谐振频率上俘获了电磁场能量。     

环境温度对燃气轮机功热并供装置及联合循环变工况性能的影响

采用动力机械变工况性能解析分析方法,研究了大气温度变化对燃气轮机功热并供和联合循环装置性能影响．指出燃气轮机在带有余热利用的条件下,大气温度的影响明显减弱,并对不同燃气轮机设计参数和蒸汽设计参数影响做了分析比较。     

Unstructured Adaptive Grid Flow Simulations of Inert and Reactive Gas Mixtures

Unstructured adaptive grid flow simulation is applied to the calculation of high-speed compressible flows of inert and reactive gas mixtures. In the present case, the flowfield is simulated using the 2-D Euler equations, which are discretized in a cell-centered finite volume procedure on unstructured triangular meshes. Interface fluxes are calculated by a Liou flux vector splitting scheme which has been adapted to an unstructured grid context by the authors. Physicochemical properties are functions of the local mixture composition, temperature, and pressure, which are computed using the CHEMKIN-II subroutines. Computational results are presented for the case of premixed hydrogen–air supersonic flow over a 2-D wedge. In such a configuration, combustion may be triggered behind the oblique shock wave and transition to an oblique detonation wave is eventually obtained. It is shown that the solution adaptive procedure implemented is able to correctly define the important wave fronts. A parametric analysis of the influence of the adaptation parameters on the computed solution is performed.