镁合金空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的有限元分析研究

利用有限元分析方法探究镁合金空心螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的生物力学特性, 旨在为临床治疗股骨颈骨折提供一种新的思路. 选取一例青年健康志愿者的下肢CT数据建立股骨三维模型, 在Mimics插件3-matic中建立股骨网格并赋予网格材料属性, 利用Solidworks 17.0软件建立空心螺钉模型, 将上述2个三维模型导入Workbench 2020软件中, 分别赋予空心螺钉镁合金、钛合金材料属性, 进行对比分析, 记录股骨及空心螺钉的峰值、应力分布值和股骨位移. 结果表明, 钛合金螺钉内固定模型最大应力为357.27MPa, 最大位移为0.034mm; 镁合金螺钉内固定模型最大应力为311.27MPa, 最大位移为0.034mm; 2组不同材料的空心钉结果数值差异不大. 研究表明镁合金空心螺钉和传统钛合金空心螺钉力学性能相似, 且镁合金更加亲和人体, 在临床方面可以镁合金空心螺钉代替钛合金空心螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折.     

髋臼四方区解剖型自锁定钢板的数字技术设计

为探讨使用数字技术设计新型髋臼四方区自锁定解剖型钢板, 采集宁波市第六医院影像科2020年1月至2020年12月, 25~50岁正常男女骨盆CT数据, 选择中位数的骨盆CT作为模型. 将CT数据依次导入Mimics 21.0软件和Unigraphics NX软件, 生成三维骨盆模型. 用CAD软件画出钢板螺钉dwg格式二维图像后导入Unigraphics NX软件, 建立stl格式钢板螺钉三维模型, 设计钢板厚2.0~3.0mm, 实心皮质骨螺钉Ф3.5/5.5mm. 在三维空间视图中, 将钢板螺钉装配到骨盆模型, 重点观察三维透视图、钉道纵轴切面图、螺钉与钢板的锁定角度, 校对功能固定区、定位孔、阻挡孔、固定孔、应力桥、滑动槽等指标, 优化钢板形态和螺钉钉道, 一块钢板同时固定髋臼四方区、臼顶负重区、前后柱、前后壁. stl格式数据输出至打印机, 3D打印钢板, 装配到骨盆模型, 校对钢板与骨盆的匹配度, 确定最优化的图像数据. 根据患者骨盆CT导出的数据, 用Unigraphics NX软件建立三维骨盆模型, 可灵活设计钢板螺钉, 精度达到0.2mm, 即刻修改钢板螺钉形态数据, 虚拟内固定. 数字技术设计不再需要手工标本测量和CT图像测量, 可提高新型内固定装置的设计效率, 为个性化骨科内植物设计、精准固定手术提供了新路径.     

Observation of mechanical fracture and corresponding domain structure changes of polycrystalline PbTiO3 nanotubes

PbTiO₃ (PTO) nanotubes (NTs) were synthesized at various temperatures by gas phase reaction between PbO gas and anatase TiO₂ NTs and characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). PTO ferroelectric phase was synthesized at as low as 400 °C as evidenced by PFM domain images and piezoresponse hysteresis loop measurement. Furthermore, the PTO NTs fabricated at above 500 °C underwent mechanical fracture through development of nanocracks due to grain growth, leading to ferroelectric domains with larger size and lower aspect ratio. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

裂缝性应力敏感油藏流固耦合的数值模拟

以裂缝各向异性全张量渗透率动态耦合渗流模型为基础,建立三维三相裂缝各向异性特低渗透油藏流固耦合数学模型,并运用模块化显示耦合迭代求解建立流固耦合渗流数值模拟方法,编制耦合求解程序.研究表明:对于裂缝性油藏,随着油藏开采过程中压力的变化,岩石变形和储层介质的各向异性应变特性使开发过程中多组裂缝的变形程度不同,引起裂缝渗透率的非线性变化,进而使油藏裂缝渗透率张量主值发生旋转,改变液流方向、影响油藏开发效果.     

Microstructure evolution during severe plastic deformation

Radiotracer diffusion studies of severely deformed, ultra-fine grained materials have revealed the presence of ultra-fast transport paths, which include “non-equilibrium” grain boundaries and free volume. Under some experimental conditions, percolating porosity is produced even in pure copper. Micro-cracks may form in metals, if the local maximum shear stress exceeds the shear yield stress. However, their growth and propagation is postponed till late in the deformation process owing to the ductility of metals, the hydrostatic component of the stress system and/or dynamic recovery/recrystallization. In other words, crack growth and propagation is present only when the scope for further deformation is highly restricted. Using this approach, the load required for equal channel angular pressing, the change in the slope of the Hall–Petch plot with decreasing grain size and the theoretical limit for the smallest grain size attainable in a metal in a severe plastic deformation process are predicted and validated by experimental results. Experimentally successful prevention of percolated crack formation by the superposition of a hydrostatic pressure is also accounted for using this model.     

各向同性钢材的断裂模型和屈服模型

基于钢材断裂前必先屈服的基本事实, 以钢材断裂面为屈服面后继扩大直至材料完整性(连续性）发生破坏为假设, 以已有的屈服模型的共同特征为切入点, 建议了各向同性钢材在主应力空间的二次函数型断裂模型和屈服模型. 根据不同钢材的特征应力值, 量化了各向同性钢材的二次函数型断裂模型和屈服模型. 依据不同钢材的特征应力值的相互关系, 建议的各向同性钢材的二次函数型断裂模型和屈服模型相应地描述为主应力空间的圆柱面、椭球面、抛物面和双曲面. 建议的各向同性钢材的二次函数型断裂模型和屈服模型较已有的强度模型更具一般性.     

Critical ruptures

The fracture of materials is a catastrophic phenomenon of considerable technological and scientific importance. Here, we analysed experiments designed for industrial applications in order to test the concept that, in heterogeneous materials such as fiber composites, rocks, concrete under compression and materials with large distributed residual stresses, rupture is a genuine critical point, i.e., the culmination of a self-organization of damage and cracking characterized by power law signatures. Specifically, we analyse the acoustic emissions recorded during the pressurisation of spherical tanks of kevlar or carbon fibers pre-impregnated in a resin matrix wrapped up around a thin metallic liner (steel or titanium) fabricated and instrumented by Aérospatiale-Matra Inc. These experiments are performed as part of a routine industrial procedure which tests the quality of the tanks prior to shipment. We find that the seven acoustic emission recordings of seven pressure tanks which was brought to rupture exhibit clear acceleration in agreement with a power law “divergence” expected from the critical point theory. In addition, we find strong evidence of log-periodic corrections that quantify the intermittent succession of accelerating bursts and quiescent phases of the acoustic emissions on the approach to rupture. An improved model accounting for the cross-over from the non-critical to the critical region close to the rupture point exhibits interesting predictive potential. Received 6 July 2000     

裂缝诱导TTI双孔隙介质波场传播特征

本文在考虑油藏内流体影响的基础上, 进一步讨论了裂缝诱导各向异性的极化角和方位角的影响, 对裂缝诱导TTI (tilted transverse isotropy)双孔隙介质模型进行了研究. 在裂缝诱导HTI (horizontal transverse isotropy)双孔隙介质理论的基础上, 用Bond变换推导了裂缝诱导TTI双孔隙介质的柔度系数矩阵和耗散系数矩阵, 从而建立了介质的一阶速度应力方程. 采用交错网格高阶有限差分法及PML边界条件, 对xoz平面内的2.5维矢量波动方程进行了数值模拟. 结果表明,裂缝的极化角和方位角的存在都会导致横波分裂, 而在双层裂缝诱导TTI双孔隙介质模型的分界面上,又会产生转换波的分裂和横波的再分裂现象, 这就增加了波场的复杂性, 从而为进一步研究实际地球介质的地震波场传播特征奠定了基础. 关键词： 裂缝诱导TTI 双孔隙 裂缝极化角 裂缝方位角     

Nonlinear phase field theory for fracture and twinning with analysis of simple shear

A phase field theory for coupled twinning and fracture in single crystal domains is developed. Distinct order parameters denote twinned and fractured domains, finite strains are addressed and elastic nonlinearity is included via a neo-Hookean strain energy potential. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived; an incremental energy minimization approach is advocated for prediction of equilibrium microstructural morphologies under quasi-static loading protocols. Aspects of the theory are analysed in detail for a material element undergoing simple shear deformation. Exact analytical and/or one-dimensional numerical solutions are obtained in dimensionless form for stress states, stability criteria and order parameter profiles at localized fractures or twinning zones. For sufficient applied strain, the relative likelihood of localized twinning vs. localized fracture is found to depend only on the ratio of twin boundary surface energy to fracture surface energy. Predicted criteria for shear stress-driven fracture or twinning are often found to be in closer agreement with test data for several types of real crystals than those based on the concept of theoretical strength.     

固体材料脆性断裂的多尺度时空模型(英文)

通过实例分析了动态断裂过程所固有的典型动态作用,基于断裂孵化时间理论的时空结构方法提出了固体材料断裂的统一解释.此外,还提出了计及尺度效应的广义断裂模型,该模型可以用于预测准脆性非均质材料的多尺度断裂,并证明此模型基于实验室尺度的实验数据可以预测更高尺度(真实尺度)的宏观断裂.