考虑初始缺陷与弹性模量的岩石变形破坏过程模拟方法

针对扰动作用下岩石存在初始缺陷的特点,通过探讨含初始缺陷岩石变形力学特征,根据含初始缺陷岩石弹性模量的变化情况,建立了初始损伤的确定方法。然后,引入几何损伤理论,通过分析三轴压缩条件下岩石损伤演化规律,建立了含初始缺陷岩石损伤模型,进而建立了考虑初始缺陷与弹性模量的岩石统计损伤本构模型,并给出了参数的确定方法。最后,通过砂岩三轴压缩试验资料分析得出:本文理论模型能够反映不同围压作用下含初始缺陷岩石的变形破坏全过程,与试验曲线较为接近;且常见损伤模型是本文理论模型的特例,表明本文模型和方法具有一定的合理性与可行性。     

On the generic behavior of the metric entropy, and related quantities,of uniformly continuous maps over Polish metric spaces

In this work, we show that if f is a uniformly continuous map defined over a Polish metric space, then the set of f-invariant measures with zero metric entropy is a $G_{\delta }$ set (in the weak topology). In particular, this set is generic if the set of f-periodic measures is dense in the set of f-invariant measures. This settles a conjecture posed by Sigmund (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 190 (1974), 285–299), which states that the metric entropy of an invariant measure of a topological dynamical system that satisfies the periodic specification property is typically zero. We also show that if X is compact and if f is an expansive or a Lipschitz map with a dense set of periodic measures, typically the lower correlation entropy for $q\in (0,1)$ is equal to zero. Moreover, we show that if X is a compact metric space and if f is an expanding map with a dense set of periodic measures, then the set of invariant measures with packing dimension, upper rate of recurrence and upper quantitative waiting time indicator equal to zero is residual.     

Using magnesium oxide nanoparticles in a magnetic field to enhance oil production from oil-wet carbonate reservoirs

Enhanced oil production can maximise yield from depleted reservoirs, and in the face of dwindling global oil reserves can reduce the need for exploratory drilling during the transition away from fossil fuels. A hybrid technique, merging a magnetic field (MF) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs), was investigated as a potential method of enhancing oil production from oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. The impact of this hybrid technique on rock wettability, zeta potential, and interfacial tension was also investigated. Displacement experiments were carried out on oil-wet Austin chalk – a laboratory carbonate rock analogue – using MgO NPs in deionized water (DW) and salt water (SW), in the presence of an MF up to 6000 G in strength. It was found that the addition of MgO NPs to DW before the spontaneous imbibition of the solution into initially oil-wet rock samples increased the recovery factor (RF, defined as the volume of oil recovered divided by the initial oil in place). For 0.005 wt% and 0.0025 wt% MgO NPs mixed in DW, the RF was 12.5% and 15.9% respectively. When DW was replaced with SW as the imbibing fluid, the RF increased by a further 0.7% of initial oil in place for the 0.0025 wt% MgO NPs. This additional increase in oil recovery was attributed to the presence of potential determining ions, which made the rock more water-wet. To avoid pore-clogging and thus the limited ingress of the solution into the rock, the NPs’ concentration was kept low. This hybrid technique is a cleaner alternative to conventional enhanced oil recovery techniques and will enable oil industries to produce oil more efficiently from existing reservoirs: when used in conjunction with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), this provides a useful short to medium-term option to support energy production during the transition to net zero.     

基于断裂力学的高寒地区边坡危岩体稳定性分析

高寒地区露天矿山中的危岩体受冻融作用影响时常发生滑塌，为保障露天矿山企业持续生产，对矿山靠帮边坡中存在的危岩体进行基于断裂力学的稳定性分析。以高寒地区某露天矿山为工程背景，分析冻融循环对工程影响，首先建立不同时间点温度场，结合温度场提出一种方法来判定冻融深度是否能影响主控结构面产生冻胀力。引入最大周向应力准则对坡体中出现的拉裂缝进行分析，进而推导出安全系数表示方法。以反倾岩质边坡为研究主体，将边坡危岩体拆分为n个潜在不稳定的近似矩形岩体，并基于此建立考虑冻胀力、裂隙水压力与重力共同作用的断裂力学边坡稳定性计算方法。针对相应算例，通过该方法计算得到分割后各岩体的安全系数，并发现冻胀力对岩体稳定性有一定程度影响，结合工程实际验证了提出方法的可行性。最后结合相关危岩稳定性评价标准，针对不同岩体稳定性情况提供相应治理措施。     

The first Raman spectroscopic study of San rock art in the Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park,South Africa

San rock art sites are found throughout southern Africa; unfortunately this unique heritage is rapidly being lost through natural weathering processes, which have been the focus of various studies conducted in the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park since 1992. It has recently been shown that the ability of Raman spectroscopy to identify salts on rock faces on a micro, as well as nano scale, can make a contribution to these projects. In order to test the feasibility of undertaking on‐site analyses, a small rock fragment with red and white pigments still attached, which had weathered off the rock face, was analysed with Raman spectroscopy under laboratory conditions, using a Dilor XY Raman instrument and a DeltaNu Inspector Raman portable instrument. A small sample of black pigment (<1 mm²), collected from a badly deteriorated painting and a few relevant samples collected on site, were analysed as well. It was possible to identify most of the inorganic pigments and minerals detected with previous XRD and EDX measurements including whewellite and weddellite coatings, which could be a tool for carbon dating purposes. Two carotenoid pigments were detected for the first time in San rock art pigments. Animal fat was also observed for the first time on both red and white pigments, on the rock face adjacent to the paintings and in highest concentrations on the back of the rock fragment. The spectra quality makes successful on‐site measurements a good prospect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.