Animal urine as painting materials in African rock art revealed by cluster ToF‐SIMS mass spectrometry imaging

The rock art site at the village of Songo in Mali is a very important Dogon ritual place where, since the end of the nineteenth century until today, takes place the ceremony of circumcision. During these ceremonies, paintings are performed on the walls of the shelter with mainly three colors: red, black and white. Ethnological literature mentions the use of animal urine of different species such as birds, lizards or snakes as a white pigment. Urine of these animals is mainly composed of uric acid or urate salts. In this article, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is used to compare uric acid, snake urine and a sample of a white pigment of a Dogon painting coming from the rock art site of Songo. ToF‐SIMS measurements in both positive and negative ion modes on reference compounds and snake urine proved useful for the study of uric acid and urate salts. This method enables to identify unambiguously these compounds owing to the detection in negative ion mode of the ion corresponding to the deprotonated molecule ([M ? H]^? at m/z 167.01) and its fragment ions. Moreover, the mass spectra obtained in positive ion mode permit to differentiate uric acid and urate salts on the basis of specific ions. Applying this method to the Dogon white pigments sample, we show that the sample is entirely composed of uric acid. This proves for the first time, that animal urine was used as a pigment by the Dogon. The presence of uric acid instead of urate salts as normally expected in animal urine could be explained by the preparation of the pigment for its application on the stone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川得荣地区徐麦超基性岩体地球化学特征及成矿潜力

对四川得荣地区徐麦超基性岩体的主量元素进行了分析。结果表明,该岩体中S iO2含量为35.27%~42.25%,MgO含量34.85%~38.16%,ALK为0.019 3%~0.031 9%,m/f比值为7.06~12.78;微量元素分析成果显示其富相容元素Cr、Co、N i,几乎亏损所有的不相容元素;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线显示轻稀土富集而重稀土亏损;δEu值介于0.82~12.61之间,具明显正铕异常特征。结合该岩体的地质特征,认为徐麦超基性岩体属于镁质超基性岩,含矿性较好,其成矿远景意义相对较大。     

隧道支护结构体系及其协同作用

隧道支护结构体系是围岩稳定性控制的关键,也是隧道设计的基本任务,而对支护结构之间相互作用过程和机制的系统认识则是定量化设计的基础. 本文从隧道围岩结构性和支护作用的本质特征出发,提出隧道支护具有"调动"和"协助"围岩承载的基本作用,明确了二者的功能分配原则和实现方式,即分别通过超前支护的保障作用、初期支护的核心作用和二次衬砌的安全储备作用共同完成;针对围岩的正面挤出、前倾式冒落和后倾式冒落等三种超前破坏模式,分别给出了相应的超前支护方式和支护效果评价方法;提出初期支护作为隧道围岩附加载荷的主要承担者,包括锚固体系与拱架及喷射混凝土结构,分别通过"调动"和"协助"围岩实现其承载功能,且同时具有"支"与"护"的作用;阐明了二次衬砌结构作为安全储备功能的内涵,建立了二次衬砌结构的载荷分担比率与刚度匹配性、支护时机的关系,并据此给出了二次衬砌结构参数和施作时机的建议值;建立了以围岩变形量$S$最小和协同度$\xi$最优为目标,基于超前支护、初期支护和二次衬砌与围岩相互作用三阶段的协同支护优化模型,明确了支护结构体系与围岩、不同支护结构之间以及支护结构要素之间三个层次的协同关系,并提出了隧道支护结构体系协同优化设计方法.      

岩石射孔开裂的初步数值模拟

岩石射孔作业后孔眼周围裂缝分布规律对后续压裂有不可忽视的影响。选取射孔围岩的横切面为研究对象,将三维射孔侵彻过程简化为二维扩孔过程。考虑岩石细观非均匀性,设细观强度参数服从韦布尔分布。应用拉伸破坏准则和Mohr-Coulomb压剪破坏准则,并用模量折减法处理单元开裂,从而用FEPG软件实现了有限元数值模拟。模拟结果表明:射孔后的岩石可根据裂缝产生原因及分布由内而外划分为四个区域:压剪破坏区、拉伸破坏集中区、拉伸破坏扩展区和未破坏区。分析了不同射孔弹规格及围压条件下裂纹分布变化规律。与室内模拟实验结果进行对比分析,初步验证了模型的有效性。     

Displacement of surrounding rock in a deep circular hole considering double moduli and strength-stiffness degradation

The problem of cavity stability widely exists in deep underground engineering and energy exploitation. First, the stress field of the surrounding rock under the uniform stress field is deduced based on a post-peak strength drop model considering the rock's characteristics of constant modulus and double moduli. Then, the orthogonal non-associative flow rule is used to establish the displacement of the surrounding rock under constant modulus and double moduli, respectively, considering the stiffness degradation and dilatancy effects in the plastic region and assuming that the elastic strain in the plastic region satisfies the elastic constitutive relationship. Finally, the evolution of the displacement in the surrounding rock is analyzed under the effects of the double modulus characteristics, the strength drop, the stiffness degradation, and the dilatancy. The results show that the displacement solutions of the surrounding rock under constant modulus and double moduli have a unified expression. The coefficients of the expression are related to the stress field of the original rock, the elastic constant of the surrounding rock, the strength parameters, and the dilatancy angle. The strength drop, the stiffness degradation, and the dilatancy effects all have effects on the displacement. The effects can be characterized by quantitative relationships.     

不同围压下含天然贯通节理岩石卸载破坏机理研究

二郎山特长高速公路隧道断裂带较多,受此影响,隧道开挖后岩爆灾害十分严重．从此隧道中取样制备成含天然贯通节理试件,进行常规单轴压缩室内试验,获取基本力学参数和破坏模式．本文以室内实验结果为依据,确定数值试验时所采用的岩石和节理的力学参数,利用RFPA软件开展数值试验,研究了不同围压同轴向荷载下卸掉围压诱发岩石失稳破坏机理．试验结果表明,五种不同围压(5、10、15、20、25 MPa)卸载后应力-应变曲线均呈“断崖式”跌落,试样均突然破坏,与现场岩爆情况吻合;受贯通节理影响,不同围压试样的具体破坏形态、声发射数量最大值出现时刻有所差异;在卸载阶段五种试样声发射累积数量都突然急剧增大．     

岩土介质的分形孔隙和分形粒子

岩土介质是晶粒状材料,存在大量的孔隙。这些孔隙的存在严重地影响岩土介质的力学、物理和化学性能。大量的研究表明,岩土介质的孔隙几何从原子尺度到晶粒尺寸范围内均表现出分形特征。目前分形几何已被广泛应用来研究岩土的孔隙率,输运特性和渗透性等等。本文从5个方面来讨论岩土介质的分形孔隙和分形粒子:①分形几何简介;②孔隙介质的分形模型;③岩土介质的分形孔隙特性和它们的分形量测方法;④岩土的分形粒子;⑤水土保持估计中的分形毛细管模型。      

The Potentials of Pulsed Field Gradient NMR for Investigation of Porous Media

PFG NMR self-diffusion studies provide information on the translational mobility of fluid molecules. Since in porous media the diffusion path of fluid molecules in the pore space is affected by interaction with the pore wall, PFG NMR measurements are sensitive to structural peculiarities of the confining porous medium. The pore space properties which can be investigated depend on length scales set by the PFG NMR experiment in respect to the typical size of the structural feature studied. Based upon these length scales, an interpretation pattern for PFG NMR self-diffusion studies in porous media is given. PFG NMR self-diffusion studies in macro- and microporous systems such as sedimentary rocks and zeolite crystallites, respectively, are reviewed.     

The Lattice Solid Model to Simulate the Physics of Rocks and Earthquakes: Incorporation of Friction

The particle-based lattice solid model developed to study the physics of rocks and the nonlinear dynamics of earthquakes is refined by incorporating intrinsic friction between particles. The model provides a means for studying the causes of seismic wave attenuation, as well as frictional heat generation, fault zone evolution, and localisation phenomena. A modified velocity–Verlat scheme that allows friction to be precisely modelled is developed. This is a difficult computational problem given that a discontinuity must be accurately simulated by the numerical approach (i.e., the transition from static to dynamical frictional behaviour). This is achieved using a half time step integration scheme. At each half time step, a nonlinear system is solved to compute the static frictional forces and states of touching particle-pairs. Improved efficiency is achieved by adaptively adjusting the time step increment, depending on the particle velocities in the system. The total energy is calculated and verified to remain constant to a high precision during simulations. Numerical experiments show that the model can be applied to the study of earthquake dynamics, the stick–slip instability, heat generation, and fault zone evolution. Such experiments may lead to a conclusive resolution of the heat flow paradox and improved understanding of earthquake precursory phenomena and dynamics.     

烃源岩可溶烃、热解烃、总有机碳含量与光谱指数相关性研究

烃源岩的可溶烃含量(S1)、热解烃含量(S2)和总有机碳含量(TOC)是进行烃源岩研究和评价的重要指标,以往主要通过实验室分析方法获得,时效性得不到保证。为了探讨野外快速测量这些指标的可行性,采集了乌兹别克斯坦克孜勒库姆地块10件烃源岩样品,运用地面ASD光谱仪和碳硫分析仪,分别测定了样品的可见光-近红外-短波红外(Vis-NIR-SWIR)反射光谱和S1, S2和TOC含量参数。运用光谱拟合微分,获得了上述样品反射光谱的一阶导数、二价导数等微分数据;并运用线性回归方程拟合和拟合结果统计分析,研究了这些数据同S1, S2和TOC含量之间的相关性。结果表明:烃源岩S1含量与原始光谱、光谱一阶导数、二阶导数分别有1 973, 511和239个波段相关,相关系数绝对值最大值分别为0.612, 0.823和0.889,相关性程度分别为弱、较强、极强;烃源岩S2含量与原始光谱、光谱一阶导数、二阶导数分别有2, 144和205个波段相关,相关系数绝对值最大值分别为0.561, 0.867和0.926,相关性程度分别为弱、较强、极强;烃源岩TOC含量与原始光谱无相关性,与光谱一阶导数、二阶导数分别有18、 180个波段相关,相关系数绝对值最大值分别为0.882和0.879,相关性都极强。此外, S1含量与光谱二阶导数的2 012 nm波段拟合优度最高,达0.790;S2含量与光谱二阶导数的363 nm波段拟合优度最高,达0.858;TOC含量与光谱一阶导数的2 480 nm波段拟合优度最高,达0.777。结果说明,利用可见光-近红外-短波红外反射光谱反演烃源岩S1, S2和TOC含量具有比较好的效果。为研究野外烃源岩的原位检测奠定了重要的基础。