The role of analytical chemistry in Niger Delta petroleum exploration: A review

Petroleum and organic matter from which the petroleum is derived are composed of organic compounds with some trace elements. These compounds give an insight into the origin, thermal maturity and paleoenvironmental history of petroleum, which are essential elements in petroleum exploration. The main tool to acquire the geochemical data is analytical techniques. Due to progress in the development of new analytical techniques, many hitherto petroleum exploration problems have been resolved. Analytical chemistry has played a significant role in the development of petroleum resources of Niger Delta. Various analytical techniques that have aided the success of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta are discussed. The analytical techniques that have helped to understand the petroleum system of the basin are also described. Recent and emerging analytical methodologies including green analytical methods as applicable to petroleum exploration particularly Niger Delta petroleum province are discussed in this paper. Analytical chemistry is an invaluable tool in finding the Niger Delta oils.     

大型反倾库岸岩体变形过程及破坏机制数值模拟

随着边坡地质结构、地层岩性和诱发因素的不同,反倾岩体的主控变形破坏模式都会发生改变。金沙江龙蟠边坡岩体主要为反倾向千板岩和砂岩互层状结构,坡脚河床深厚覆盖层构成了边坡的软弱支座。本文运用离散单元法模拟了大型反倾库岸岩体在漫长的地质历史时期中的变形演化过程,并基于反倾岩体变形的时效性观点,引入强度折减法分析边坡在不同阶段的剪切屈服区扩展情况及相应的稳定性状态。结论表明龙蟠边坡变形岩体是重力弯曲蠕变为主导的成因机制,并归纳提出了软基效应和互层效应共同作用下的大规模反倾岩体的累进性剪切破坏模式,俗称“龙蟠模式”。     

盆地红层嵌岩桩荷载传递性状试验研究

湘浏盆地内广泛分布着内陆湖相沉积的白垩系至第三系红层软岩,具有成岩差、易风化崩解等特性,其嵌岩桩的实际工作性状与《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94-94）规定不尽相同。为研究红层嵌岩桩的承载性能、桩身轴力传递规律、桩侧阻力和端阻力的发挥性状,对４根人工挖孔灌注桩进行了单桩静力载荷试验,分别采用滑动测微计和应变计来测试桩身轴力的变化。结果表明,红层嵌岩桩表现为端承摩擦桩特性,Q-s曲线呈缓变型;桩身轴力传递规律和桩侧阻力的发挥与覆盖层厚度、桩长、桩周土性质密切相关;由于红层具有较强的结构性,发挥极限侧阻所需位移仅为2~6mm,测试得到的极限侧阻力远高于规范值,表现出强化效应,使得红层嵌岩桩具有相当大的承载能力,但端阻力和侧阻力并非同步发挥。设计时应采用承载力和变形控制,参数取值应符合桩的荷载传递规律。     

碎裂结构边坡变形机理及治理对策研究

碎裂结构边坡稳定性受多组相交结构面控制,且受降雨、地震等多因素影响强烈,具有一定的特殊性。本文以某花岗岩碎裂结构边坡为例,在边坡的地质条件和岩体结构研究的基础上,结合施工及监测反馈信息,深入分析了边坡变形破坏模式,并根据稳定性计算结果,提出锚索、钢筋桩与排水相结合的支护方案。研究结果表明：坡体内部陡倾卸荷裂缝发育形成后缘切割面,中下部滑面追踪陡缓两组结构面发展;支护措施实施后,边坡经历“5•12”地震及雨季,多点位移计监测结果表明,地震和降雨对边坡稳定性影响较大,支护措施较好地控制了边坡变形。     

爆炸冲击载荷作用下岩石的损伤实验

基于声波测试原理,利用RSM-SY5智能型声波仪,对某露天矿围岩在爆破冲击荷载作用下产生的损伤进行了现场实验研究。研究结果表明:爆破冲击荷载对距离爆源7 m范围内的岩石会造成损伤破坏,其损伤程度随着岩石与爆源距离的增大而减小;岩体声波速度随着爆破次数的不断增加而逐渐降低,多次爆破对岩石具有损伤累积效应;多次爆破的累积损伤不是单次爆破损伤的简单叠加,具有非线性特性,且距离爆源越近爆破累积损伤效应越明显。     

基于离散小波变换的岩石SHPB测试信号去噪

运用离散小波阈值去噪原理对SHPB测试信号进行了处理,针对SHPB测试信号持时短、突变快等特性,并根据各小波基对信号的重构均方根误差,选择Symlets小波系中的小波基Sym5为适合SHPB测试信号小波分析的最佳小波基,并运用无偏估计程序SURE确定了各分解层的阈值。比较了小波阈值去噪与动态应变仪中常规低通滤波器去噪的信噪比和均方根误差,研究结果表明,相对于常规低通滤波器的去噪处理,离散小波变换不仅有良好的去噪效果,而且能得到更精确的重构信号,可以取代动态应变仪中的低通滤波器对SHPB测试信号进行去噪处理。     

Experimental Study and Fractal Analysis of Heterogeneity in Naturally Fractured Rocks

Capillary pressure curves of six low porosity and low permeability core samples from The Geysers geothermal field were measured using the mercury-intrusion approach to characterize the heterogeneity of rock. One high permeability Berea sandstone core sample was analyzed similarly, for comparison. The maximum pressure of mercury intruded into the rock was about 200 MPa to reach the extremely small pores. Experimental data showed that the capillary pressure curves of The Geysers rock are very different from that of the Berea sandstone. It was found that the frequently used capillary pressure models could not be used to represent the data from The Geysers rock samples. This might be because of the fractures in the rock. To this end, a fractal technique was proposed to model the features of the capillary pressure curves and to characterize the difference in heterogeneity between The Geysers rock and Berea sandstone. The results demonstrated that the rock from The Geysers geothermal field was fractal over a scaling range of about five orders of magnitude. The values of the fractal dimension of all the core samples (six from The Geysers and one Berea sandstone) calculated using the proposed approach were in the range from 2 to 3. The results showed that The Geysers rock with a high density of fractures had a greater fractal dimension than Berea sandstone which is almost without fractures. This shows that The Geysers rock has greater heterogeneity, as expected.     

基于西原模型的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型

在西原模型的基础上,引入能反映加速蠕变起始点的非线性黏塑性元件和瞬时塑性变形的塑性元件,建立了一个能完整反映蠕变全过程的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型. 在其一维流变模型结构的基础上建立三维的流变模型,推导三维流变方程,接着探讨了在三轴压缩试验中确定三维蠕变参数的方法,并对参数进行了敏感性分析. 用三轴压缩试验结果验证模型的有效性,结果表明模型能很好地模拟蠕变的三阶段,并且在多级偏应力水平下可以采用同一组蠕变参数.     

基于无网格—图论方法的岩体边坡稳定性分析研究

将无网格伽辽金法应用于岩体边坡稳定性分析,发展了基于无网格模型和有向加权图Bellman-Ford最短路径搜索算法相结合的无网格-图论边坡滑移面搜索方法,以搜寻节理岩体边坡失稳时的临界滑移面并得出其相应的安全系数.区别于传统的滑移面搜索算法,本文方法无需假定滑移面形状,更适用于具有复杂滑移线形状的节理岩体边坡的稳定性分析与计算,具有稳定和高效的算法特点.文中详细论述了无网格-图论最短路径算法的理论、方法和程序实现,并通过算例说明该方法在岩体边坡稳定性分析中的适用性.     

对碎裂结构岩体似连续介质特征的一点研究

通常情况下认为碎裂结构的岩体具有非连续介质的特征。但是随着西部大量水电工程的勘查和建设,遇到了一类比较特殊的岩体,这类岩体中裂隙发育,结构面间距很小,按照国标划分为碎裂结构岩体,但是其本身又具有较高的力学性质,表现为具有较高的变形模量、抗剪强度参数和完整性系数,并且具有似连续介质的特征,这与通常的碎裂结构岩体有本质的区别。本文将利用两个实例工程对这一现象进行初步的分析,得到了水电工程可利用岩体的一种新的评价方法。