一种改进的蚁群算法及其在TSP中的应用

蚁群算法是一种求解复杂组合优化问题的新的拟生态算法,也是一种基于种群的启发式仿生进化算法,属于随机搜索算法的一种,并用于较好地解决TSP问题.然而此算法也有它自己的缺陷,如易于陷入局部优化、搜索时间长等.通过对基本蚁群算法的介绍及相关因素的分析,提出了一种改进的蚁群算法,用于解决TSPLAB问题的10个问题,并与参考文献中的F-W、NCSOM、ASOM算法进行比较,计算机仿真结果表明了改进算法的有效性.如利用改进的蚁群算法解决lin105问题,其最优解为14382.995933(已知最优解为14379),相对误差是0.0209%,计算出的最小值几乎接近于已知最优解.     

各向异性表面张力对定向凝固中共晶生长形态稳定性的影响

研究各向异性表面张力对定向凝固中共晶生长形态稳定性的影响.应用多重变量展开法导出了共晶界面表达式和扰动振幅的变化率满足的色散关系.结果表明,共晶生长系统有两种整体不稳定性机理:由非震荡导致的"交换稳定性"机理和由震荡导致的"整体波动不稳定性"机理.震荡有四种典型模式,即:反对称-反对称(AA-),对称-反对称(SA-)、反对称-对称(AS-)和对称-对称(SS-)模式.稳定性分析表明:共晶界面形态稳定性取决于Peclet数ε的某一个临界值ε_*,当ε大于临界值ε_*时,共晶界面形态不稳定;当ε小于临界值ε_*时,共晶界面形态稳定.随着各向异性表面张力增大,对应于AA-,SA-和SS-模式的临界值ε_(aa*),ε_(sa*)和ε_(ss*)随之减小,表明各向异性表面张力减小这三种模式的稳定性区域;然而,随着各向异性表面张力增大,对应于AS-模式的临界值ε_(as*)随之增大,表明各向异性表面张力增大AS-模式的稳定性区域.     

基于蚁群算法的二维最大熵分割算法

由于二维最大熵分割法不仅考虑了像素的灰度信息,而且还充分利用了像素的空间邻域信息,因此能够取得较好的分割效果.但是,该方法的计算量巨大,不利于红外图像的快速处理.蚁群算法于20世纪90年代初提出,是受到蚁群集体行为的启发而提出的一种基于种群的模拟进化算法,属于随机搜索算法.该算法已经成功应用于旅行商等离散问题.将蚁群算法应用于二维最大熵法,提出了基于蚁群算法的二维最大熵分割算法.与传统的穷尽搜索法相比,求解速度提高了60倍左右.仿真实验表明,该方法快速、简单、有效.     

灾情巡视问题的蚁群两目标优化算法研究

分析目前灾情巡视问题求解方法存在的缺陷,归纳出灾情巡视问题两目标优化模型.针对灾情巡视问题模型特点,引入蚁群算法和多目标优化理论,提出两个灾情巡视问题的蚁群两目标优化算法:算法1将灾情巡视问题的道路网络转化为完全图,增加m-1个(m为巡视组数)虚拟巡视起点,将灾情巡视两目标优化问题转化为单旅行商两目标优化问题,然后使用蚁群算法和多目标优化理论进行迭代求解.算法2使用一只蚂蚁寻找一个子回路,m个子回路构成一个灾情巡视可行方案,采用罚函数法和多目标优化理论构建增广两目标优化评价函数,使用g组,共g×m只蚂蚁共同协作来发现灾情巡视问题的最优解.算法特点:①算法1将灾情巡视两目标优化问题转化为单旅行商两目标优化问题,可以充分利用已有蚁群算法求解单旅行商问题的研究成果;②两个算法引入蚁群算法,提高了算法效率;③两个算法克服目前灾情巡视问题的求解方法不严密性缺陷;④两目标优化算法可以为用户提供多个满足约束条件的Pareto组合解,扩大了用户选择范围,增强了算法的适用性.算法测试表明:灾情巡视问题的蚁群两目标优化算法是完全可行和有效的.     

Development of a “Built-in” Scanning Near Field Microscope Head for an Atomic Force Microscope System and Stress Mapping of an Al2O3/ZrO2 Eutectic Composite

We constructed a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) on a commercially available atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus (SPM-9500J2; Shimadzu Corp.) to measure the stress distribution in ceramic composite materials. Features of our SNOM system are: (1) a compact SNOM head substituted for the original AFM head; (2) a wide scanning range (125 × 125 μm²) inherited from the original scanner; (3) use of conventional shear-force regulation; (4) an optical system for the illumination-collection (I-C) mode; (5) excitation by a 488 nm line of an Ar-ion laser, and (6) light detection by photon counting or a polychromator equipped with an electronically cooled charge coupled device (CCD). This SNOM system was used to measure the surface structure and stress distribution of an Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ eutectic composite. We simultaneously measured topographic images and fluorescence spectra of an Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ eutectic composite. We estimated its peak intensity, peak position, and peak width from the fluorescence spectrum during scanning, which respectively correspond to the abundance of Al₂O₃, stress in the grain, and the anisotropy of that stress. Mapping images showed that the stress and its anisotropy were weaker in the center of the Al₂O₃ grain than its boundary between Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂. That observation suggests that Al₂O₃ underwent intense anisotropic stress induced by volume expansion in the phase transition of ZrO₂ from the cubic phase to the monoclinic phase during preparation.     

Monte Carlo simulation of the dynamic evolution ofbinary lamellar eutectic in directional solidification

The dynamic evolution of the lamellar eutectic of binary alloys in directional solidification is studied in detail using the Monte Carlo technique. The simulated results can be summarized into two aspects: ({1}) the lamellar spacing λ is found to be inversely proportional to the chemical potential difference Δμ, predicting a linear relationship between the kinetic supercooling ΔT_k and total supercooling at the solid/liquid (S/L) interface; (2) as the solidifying velocity R is low, the dynamic product λ^{2}R shows a considerable dependence on temperature gradient G_T in the liquid in front of the S/L interface, although this dependence becomes much weaker at a high R.     

Enhanced headspace single drop microextraction method using deep eutectic solvent based magnetic bucky gels: Application to the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and urine samples

A facile headspace single drop microextraction method was developed using deep eutectic solvent‐based magnetic bucky gel as the extraction solvent for the first time. The hydrophobic magnetic bucky gel was formed by combining choline chloride/chlorophenol deep eutectic solvent and magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Magnetic susceptibility, high viscosity, high sorbing ability, and tunable extractability of organic analytes are the desirable advantages of the prepared gel. Using a rod magnet as a suspensor in combination with the magnetic susceptibility of the prepared gel resulted in a highly stable droplet. This stable droplet eliminated the possibility of drop dislodgement. The prepared droplet made it possible to complete the extraction process in high temperatures and elevated agitation rates. Furthermore, using larger micro‐droplet volumes without any operational problems became possible. These facts resulted in shorter sample preparation time, higher sensitivity of the method, and lower detection limits. Under the optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 520–587, limit of detection of 0.05–0.90 ng/mL, and linearity range of 0.2–2000 ng/mL (coefficient of determination = 0.9982–0.9995) were obtained. Relative standard deviations were < 10%. This method was successfully coupled with gas chromatography and used for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers as harmful volatile organic compounds in water and urine samples.     

Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an extensively studied class of porous materials, which distinguish themselves from other porous polymers in their crystallinity and high degree of modularity, enabling a wide range of applications. COFs are most commonly synthesized solvothermally, which is often a time-consuming process and restricted to well-soluble precursor molecules. Synthesis of polyimide-linked COFs (PI-COFs) is further complicated by the poor reversibility of the ring-closing reaction under solvothermal conditions. Herein, we report the ionothermal synthesis of crystalline and porous PI-COFs in zinc chloride and eutectic salt mixtures. This synthesis does not require soluble precursors and the reaction time is significantly reduced as compared to standard solvothermal synthesis methods. In addition to applying the synthesis to previously reported imide COFs, a new perylene-based COF was also synthesized, which could not be obtained by the classical solvothermal route. In situ high-temperature XRPD analysis hints to the formation of precursor–salt adducts as crystalline intermediates, which then react with each other to form the COF.     

Nano-liquid chromatography combined with a sustainable microextraction based on natural deep eutectic solvents for analysis of phthalate esters

The separation of 11 phthalic acid ester (PAEs) was carried out by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet and MS detection. Preliminary experiments were achieved in order to select suitable stationary phases and chromatographic conditions. The baseline separation was obtained, for all compounds, with an XBridge^TM C₁₈ column in less than 15 min, working in step gradient mode. The sensitivity of the method was improved by on-column focusing. PAEs were extracted from alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages using vortex-assisted emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextration and natural deep eutectic solvents. The whole method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, recovery, and repeatability. Combination of both off-line sample preparation preconcentration and large injection volume led to obtain LOQs in the range 5–47 ng/mL. The developed nano-LC-UV method was extended to MS detection to confirm the presence of PAEs in some beverages commercialized in different types of packaging.