Tuning the electronic properties of single-walled SiC nanotubes by external electric field

The electronic properties of SiC nanotubes (SiCNTs) under external transverse electric field were investigated using density functional theory. The pristine SiCNTs were semiconductors with band-gaps of 2.03, 2.17 and 2.25 eV for (6,6), (8,8) and (10,10) SiCNTs, respectively. It was found the band gaps was reduced with the external transverse electric filed applied. The (8,8) and (10,10) SiCNTs changed from semiconductor to metals as the intensity of electric field reached 0.7 and 0.5 V/Å. The results indicate that the electronic properties of SiCNTs can be tuned by the transvers electric field with integrality of the nanotubes.     

Using the full Raman depolarisation in the determination of the order parameters in liquid crystal systems

The depolarisation ratio for the Raman-active phenyl stretching mode has been measured over the whole of the mesophase range, and the orientational order parameters deduced, in the uniaxial nematic liquid crystal octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB). Linearly polarised light was incident normally on a homogeneously aligned sample and a χ² minimisation routine performed on the 360^° depolarisation ratio profile. The order parameters 〈P ₂₀₀〉 and 〈P ₄₀₀〉 , together with the differential polarisability ratio, r , are used as fitting parameters and measured as a function of temperature. Interestingly, we show that the value for r , conventionally measured in the isotropic phase and assumed to remain constant, has a clear temperature dependence, ranging from -0.032±0.008 in the isotropic phase through to -0.245±0.015 at the nematic-to-smectic A phase transition. The measured order parameters 〈P ₂₀₀〉 and 〈P ₄₀₀〉 varied from 0.35- 0.55±0.02 and 0.180- 0.245±0.02 , respectively, across the 8 ^° C wide nematic phase range. The values of both 〈P ₂₀₀〉 and 〈P ₄₀₀〉 are in excellent agreement with theory, but it is noteworthy that 〈P ₄₀₀〉 shows a much better quantitative match than has been reported in previous work. Crucially the temperature dependence of r is shown to be a contributing factor in the low 〈P ₄₀₀〉 values that have been conventionally reported from Raman scattering measurements. The potential for fitting the entire angular depolarisation ratio distribution in liquid crystalline systems that are described by more order parameters, specifically biaxial materials, is discussed.     

Field-temperature phase diagrams in chiral tilted smectics,evidencing ferroelectric and ferrielectric phases

Usual ferroelectric compounds undergo a paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition when the susceptibility of the electric polarization density changes its sign. The temperature is the only thermodynamic field that governs the phase transition. Chiral tilted smectics may also present an improper ferroelectricity when there is a tilt angle between the average long axis direction and the layer normal. The tilt angle is the order parameter of the phase transition which is governed by the temperature. Although the electric susceptibility remains positive, a polarization proportional to the tilt appears due to their linear coupling allowed by the chiral symmetry. Further complications come in when the chirality increases, as new phases are encountered with the same tilt inside the layers but a distribution of the azimuthal direction which is periodic with a unit cell of two (SmC(A)*, three (SmC(Fi1)*, four (SmC(Fi2)* or more (SmC(alpha)* layers. In most of these phases, the layer normal is a symmetry axis so there is no macroscopic polarization except for the SmC(Fi1)* in which the average long axis is tilted so the phase is ferrielectric. By studying a particular compound with only a SmC(Fi2)* and a SmC(alpha)* phase, we show that we recover the uniformly tilted ferroelectric SmC* when applying an electric field. We are thus led to build field-temperature phase diagrams for this class of compounds by combining different experimental techniques described here.     

Electrophoresis and electric conduction in a salt-free suspension of charged particles

The electrophoresis and electric conduction of a suspension of charged spherical particles in a salt-free solution are analyzed by using a unit cell model. The linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation (valid for the cases of relatively low surface charge density or high volume fraction of the particles) and Laplace equation are solved for the equilibrium electric potential profile and its perturbation caused by the imposed electric field, respectively, in the fluid containing the counterions only around the particle, and the ionic continuity equation and modified Stokes equations are solved for the electrochemical potential energy and fluid flow fields, respectively. Explicit analytical formulas for the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and effective electric conductivity of the suspension are obtained, and the particle interaction effects on these transport properties are significant and interesting. The scaled zeta potential, electrophoretic mobility, and effective electric conductivity increase monotonically with an increase in the scaled surface charge density of the particles and in general decrease with an increase in the particle volume fraction, keeping each other parameter unchanged. Under the Debye-Hückel approximation, the dependence of the electrophoretic mobility normalized with the surface charge density on the ratio of the particle radius to the Debye screening length and particle volume fraction in a salt-free suspension is same as that in a salt-containing suspension, but the variation of the effective electric conductivity with the particle volume fraction in a salt-free suspension is found to be quite different from that in a suspension containing added electrolyte.     

电动汽车与锂离子电池

文章简要介绍了混合动力汽车、插电式混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车和锂离子动力电池及其关键材料。发展电动汽车可以大幅度降低人们对石油的依赖和改善城市空气质量。锂离子电池性能优越,为电动汽车的发展提供了支撑。近期,新一代锂离子动力电池正极材料即将走向应用,可使电动汽车里程增加一倍,材料选择和电池设计及制造工艺与电池储存能量、寿命、安全等密切相关,尊道而重德,可做出“好”电池。     

基于3G-ASCX的小型飞行器异常导航信号检测系统设计

传统方法在异常导航信号信噪比较低时对小型飞行器异常导航信号的检测效果不理想。设计并实现了一种基于3G-ASCX的小型飞行器异常导航信号检测系统,硬件设计时着重于ASCX传感器模块、异常导航信号检测模块、主控基站模块、3G/GPRS传输模块的研究,3G/GPRS传输模块的硬件设计中,通过功耗低体积小的CC1100完成异常导航信号的收发,传输过程中通过芯片STC12C5410AD完成电容的平衡转换,选取了MC3486进行电压的转换,最终实现异常信号数据的安全快速传输;软件设计中,系统软件流程设计及异常导航信号检测模块软件设计,最后进行仿真实验,实验结果证明,相比传统系统,所设计系统检测到的小型飞行器异常导航信号同实际测量的异常导航信号具有较高的匹配度,与实际值相比,误差小于1dB,适合推广使用。     

基于Flowmaster的飞机燃油供油系统仿真研究

飞机燃油系统作为飞机不可或缺的功能和保障系统,对飞机的安全性有着重大的影响。针对飞机燃油供油系统的故障诊断问题,利用流体仿真软件Flowmaster建立了供油系统模型。仿真了飞机燃油系统增压泵供油、交输供油、重力供油的工作情况。分析了飞机燃油供油系统的故障模式,仿真了在几种典型故障模型下的工作情况,并对仿真结果进行了分析。结果表明利用Flowmaster所建立的供油系统模型能有效地仿真飞机燃油系统正常与故障工作情况,为飞机燃油系统的故障诊断打下了基础。     

Interband and intraband radiation from the n-InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures with quantum wells under the conditions of injection in high lateral electric fields

The interband and intraband radiation from the n-InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures with the double and triple tunnel coupled and selectively doped quantum wells (QWs), which is appeared under the lateral electric field and in the presence of hole injection from the anode contact, has been investigated. A steep increase of the interband radiation intensity was found at the fields of E≥1.7 kV/cm. This effect should be related to the big lifetime of the injected charge carriers (~10⁻⁶ s) which exceeds by three orders of magnitude the lifetime in the similar bulk direct-band semiconductor. Its reason lies in spatial separation of the injected holes and electrons between coupled wells, firstly, by the built-in transverse electric field between wells and, secondly, due to the real-space transfer of carriers heated by the lateral electric field from the wide well to the narrow δ-doped one. Furthermore, an increase of the carrier concentration due to injection leads to an increase of that transition intensity and, consequently, to an intensity increase of the radiative intersubband transitions of carriers in QWs which results in a steep intensity increase of the far (50–120 µm) infrared radiation.     

Heterogeneous freezing on pyroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) thin films

Active deicing of technical surfaces, such as for wind turbines and heat exchangers, currently requires the usage of heat or chemicals. Passive coating strategies that postpone the freezing of covering water would be beneficial in order to save costs and energy. One hypothesis is that pyroelectric active materials can achieve this because of the surface charges generated on these materials when they are subject to a temperature change. High-quality poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) thin films with a high crystallinity, prefererd edge-on orientation, low surface roughness, and comprised of the β-analogous ferroelectric phase were deposited by spin-coating. Freezing experiments with a cooling rate of 1 K min⁻¹ were made on P(VDF-TrFE) coatings in order to separate the effect of different parameters such as the poling direction, film thickness, used solvent, deposition process, underlying substrate, and annealing temperature on the achievable supercooling. The topography and the underlying substrate significantly changed the distribution of freezing temperatures of water droplets in contact with these thin films. In contrast, no significant effect of the thickness, morphology, or pyroelectric effect of the as-prepared domain-state on the freezing temperatures was found.     

金属串配合物[MoMoCo(npo)4(NCS)2]的配位结构及其与电场的关系

应用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了具有分子导线潜在应用的金属串配合物[MoMoCo(npo)4(NCS)2](npo=1,8-萘基-2-酮)的配位结构及其受电场作用的影响。配位方式记为(n,m),其中n、m分别表示4个赤道配体npo^-的O与Co和Mo配位的个数:n=0,1,2,3,4;m=4,3,2,1,0。结果表明:(1)零电场下,基态能量高低为(0,4)>(4,0)>(3,1)≈(1,3)>(2,2),5种配位方式均可稳定存在且互为竞争态。Z方向偶极矩μ(Z)值大小为(0,4)(+)>(1,3)(+)>(2,2)(-)>(3,1)(-)>(4,0)(-)(+、-表示μ(Z)值的正负,与Z方向相同即为正,相反即为负),4个npo^-趋向越一致能量越高极性越大。(2)Mo-Mo具有四重键,键长随μ(Z)值减小而减小,而Mo-Co键长则相反。随μ(Z)值减小前线轨道中πNCS(1)轨道能降低,π'NCS(2)轨道能升高。(3)Z方向电场作用下,除(0,4)外所有配位方式的Mo1-N8键显著增长,结构不稳定。(4)电场作用下前线轨道能级交错,μ(Z)为正值的(0,4)、(1,3)的能隙E_LUMO-HOMO在-Z方向电场中降低更显著,μ(Z)为负值的(2,2)、(3,1)和(4,0)的能隙在Z方向电场中降低更显著。分子极性越大,随电场强度增强能隙降低越显著,分子导电性可能越好。(0,4)、(3,1)和(4,0)可能具有整流效应,但(3,1)和(4,0)的稳定性较低。