Optimization of Vacuum-Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Natural Polyphenols and Flavonoids from Raw Solid Waste of the Orange Juice Producing Industry at Industrial Scale

Orange pomace (OP) is a solid waste produced in bulk as a byproduct of the orange juice industry and accounts for approximately 50% of the quantity of the fruits processed into juice. In numerous literature references there is information about diverse uses of orange pomace for the production of high-added-value products including production of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial extracts rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which can substitute the hazardous chemical antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors. In this work and for the first time, according to our knowledge, the eco-friendly aqueous vacuum microwave assisted extraction of orange pomace was investigated and optimized at real industrial scale in order to produce aqueous antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts. A Response Surface Optimization methodology with a multipoint historical data experimental design was employed to obtain the optimal values of the process parameters in order to achieve the maximum rates of extraction of OP total polyphenols and/or total flavonoids for economically optimum production at industrial scale. The three factors used for the optimization were: (a) microwave power (b) water to raw pomace ratio and (c) extraction time. Moreover, the effectiveness and statistical soundness of the derived cubic polynomial predictive models were verified by ANOVA.     

Toxicity of Zn-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide to Different Organisms in the Aquatic Environment

The application of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials as catalysts has attracted great interest due to their unique structural features. It also triggered the need to study their fate and behavior in the aquatic environment. In the present study, Zn-Fe nanolayered double hydroxides (Zn-Fe LDHs) were synthesized using a co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses. The toxicity of the home-made Zn-Fe LDHs catalyst was examined by employing a variety of aquatic organisms from different trophic levels, namely the marine photobacterium Vibrio fischeri, the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, and the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza. From the experimental results, it was evident that the acute toxicity of the catalyst depended on the exposure time and type of selected test organism. Zn-Fe LDHs toxicity was also affected by its physical state in suspension, chemical composition, as well as interaction with the bioassay test medium.     

Drying Effects on Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Lippia thymoides Essential Oil,a Natural Source of Thymol

Leaves of Lippia thymoides (Verbenaceae) were dried in an oven at 40, 50 and 60 °C and the kinetic of drying and the influence of the drying process on the chemical composition, yield, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the obtained essential oils were evaluated. The composition of the essential oils was determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection analyses. The influence of drying on the chemical composition of the essential oils of L. thymoides was evaluated by multivariate analysis, and their antioxidant activity was investigated via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The Midilli model was the most appropriate to describe the behavior of drying kinetic data of L. thymoides leaves. Thymol was the major compound for all analyzed conditions; the maximum content was obtained from fresh leaves (62.78 ± 0.63%). The essential oils showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with an average of 73.10 ± 12.08%, and the fresh leaves showed higher inhibition (89.97 ± 0.31%). This is the first study to evaluate the influence of drying on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of L. thymoides essential oils rich in thymol.     

Comparative Studies of Selected Criteria Enabling Optimization of the Extraction of Polar Biologically Active Compounds from Alfalfa with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The aim of this research was to provide crucial and useful data about the selection of the optimization criteria of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of alfalfa at a quarter-technical plant. The correlation between more general output, including total phenolics and flavonoids content, and a more specified composition of polar constituents was extensively studied. In all alfalfa extracts, polar bioactive constituents were analyzed by both spectrometric (general output) and chromatographic (detailed output) analyses. Eight specific phenolic acids and nine flavonoids were determined. The most dominant were salicylic acid (221.41 µg g⁻¹), ferulic acid (119.73 µg g⁻¹), quercetin (2.23 µg g⁻¹), and apigenin (2.60 µg g⁻¹). For all seventeen analyzed compounds, response surface methodology and analysis of variance were used to provide the optimal conditions of supercritical fluid extraction for each individual constituent. The obtained data have shown that eight of those compounds have a similar range of optimal process parameters, being significantly analogous for optimization based on total flavonoid content.     

Effect of Aluminum Alloy Surface Modification on Adhesion of the Modified Polyurethane Coating and Its Corrosion Protective Performance北大核心CSCD

The ordinary organic coatings on aluminum alloy usually encounter a problem of low adhesion to the substrate, which results in destruction and failure of the long-term protective performance of the anticorrosion systems. The surface modification of aluminum alloy is able to enhance the adhesion of organic coating on aluminum alloys, and to improve their protective performance. In this work, a combined surface modification of anodic oxidation and mussel adhesion protein/CeO2/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane composite film (MCA) was developed on the aluminum alloy. The adhesion of modified polyurethane coated on the treated aluminum alloy and its corrosion protective performance were evaluated comprehensively by using contact angle, adhesion strength, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning reference electrode technique (SRET). The measurements of EIS and SRET demonstrated that the MCA composite film on anodic oxidized Al possessed self-healing function and provided effective protection against early corrosion of aluminum alloy. The pull-off test showed that both anodic oxidation treatment and MCA composite film modification were able to increase the adhesion of modified polyurethane coating on aluminum alloy, and their combined action were supposed to remarkably enhance the adhesion strength up to 17.1 MPa. The reason for the improvement of adhesion was that the anodic oxidation treatment and MCA composite film modification could improve the surface roughness of aluminum alloy, and enhance the surface wettability and surface polarity, which is beneficent to enhance the bonding of the modified polyurethane coating to aluminum alloy surface. The EIS results showed that no any corrosion occurred for the modified polyurethane coating on the treated aluminum alloy during 65 d immersion in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. The impedance value in low frequency range of the modified polyurethane coating always maintained at a high order of magnitude on the aluminum alloy treated by anodic oxidation and MCA composite film modification, showing an excellent protective performance of the coating system. The evaluation of Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) indicated that the modified polyurethane coating on the treated aluminum alloy owned superior corrosion protection performance, and the adhesion strength remained 13.1 MPa and no any corrosion was found at the scratch locations even after 1200 h of salt spray testing. It was concluded that combination of anodic oxidation and MCA composite film were capable of significantly improving the adhesion of modified polyurethane coating on aluminum alloy and providing long-term effective corrosion protection for aluminum alloy. © 2021 Authors. All rights reserved.     

响应面法优化Co2+掺杂TiO2制备工艺研究

利用共沉淀-水热法制备了钴掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂,以催化降解水中草甘膦效率为指标,采用响应面法对钴掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的制备条件进行优化。结果表明,钴掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的最佳制备工艺为:水热反应温度139.64℃、水热反应时间23.75h、煅烧温度408.17℃和煅烧时间4.04h。利用最佳制备条件下制得的钴掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂催化降解水中草甘膦,降解效率接近80%,与纯二氧化钛相比,催化降解效率有较大幅度提升。     

爆轰波对碰驱动平面锡飞层的动力学及动载行为特征研究

强冲击下的物质变形、破坏及诱发的轻重介质混合问题,是内爆压缩科学和工程应用领域的研究重点.本文针对爆轰波对碰条件下的复杂加载动力学过程及其动载破坏形态特征,开展数值模拟研究与极曲线理论分析.设计了爆轰波对碰驱动平面锡飞层的计算模型,获得了爆轰加载动力学过程及波系相互作用物理图像,分析了锡飞层对碰区自由表面速度历史的典型特征.给出了锡飞层中折射激波对碰发生马赫反射的临界条件,解读了三波结构的传播行为,阐明了对碰区内存在"一维正冲击"区域,一维区外存在单次斜冲击向两次斜冲击过渡的复杂加载动力学过程,提出了对碰区冲击动力学模型,揭示了影响对碰区动载行为特征的机理.数值模拟结果与极曲线理论分析结果相互印证,符合较好.本文的研究成果,将为深入理解和解读对碰区特殊的物质破坏及混合现象提供重要的理论支撑.     

基于压缩感知的动态散射成像

利用基于压缩感知的成像系统可以透过静态的散射介质获得高质量的重建图像. 但是当散射介质动态变化时, 因为采样所得的测量值受到散射介质衰减系数非线性变化的影响, 重建图像质量会大大下降. 针对上述情况, 本文提出基于压缩感知成像系统的测量值线性拉伸算法, 该算法能够对所得到的非线性测量值进行分析, 根据测量值大小的不同将测量值划分成数个区域并计算补偿系数, 从而根据补偿系数进行测量值线性拉伸变换, 使测量值线性化. 最后再对变换后的测量值进行压缩感知重建计算. 通过理论分析、计算机仿真和实验证明了所提算法能够有效地应对动态的散射介质, 提高基于压缩感知成像系统在透过动态散射介质时的图像重建质量.     

直流电晕充电下环氧树脂表面电位衰减特性的研究

介质材料表面电荷的积累和衰减行为是制约众多高压直流电力设备研制的关键因素. 薄片状介质试样的表面电荷密度与表面电位近似呈线性关系, 因此常通过表面电位衰减行为研究表面电荷的衰减特性. 基于电晕充电、表面电荷沉积和脱陷、介质体内单极性电荷输运等3个物理过程, 建立表面电位动态响应的物理模型. 通过计算环氧树脂的表面电位衰减行为, 得到栅极电压、相对介电常数和体电导率等对其表面电位衰减特性的影响. 栅极电压越高, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂材料参数典型值(相对介电常数3.93, 体电导率10^-14 S· m^-1)下, 归一化表面电位的衰减速率随时间变化的曲线可拟合为分段幂函数, 其中, 分段幂函数的特征时间、指数系数与栅极电压分别呈幂函数和线性变化关系. 相对介电常数越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越慢; 环氧树脂相对介电常数典型范围(3–4)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由1720 s增大到2540 s, 两者呈线性关系. 体电导率越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂体电导率典型范围(10^-15–10^-13 S· m^-1)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由24760 s 减小到260 s, 两者呈幂函数变化关系.     

纳米表面相互作用及振动测头模型

如何实现高精度的测量是现代制造业及微电子技术领域的热点问题之一. 基于微纳米测头的三坐标测量机是当前实现高精度测量的重要手段. 随着测量尺寸的减小, 常用的纳米/微纳尺度的测头与待测表面之间形成静态接触, 其表面相互作用成为了影响其测量精度和可靠性的关键因素之一. 本文基于一种触发式振动测头, 研究了其动力学模型, 并通过对测头纳米尺度表面相互作用的理论分析及数值模拟, 确立了测头振动参数与表面相互作用之间的关联. 实验研究表明, 参数优化后的谐振微纳测头能有效抑制表面作用带来的干扰, 提高测量精度.