基于超声振动的微液滴生成装置设计与实验研究

设计了一种基于V型直线超声电机驱动的微液滴生成装置用于制备具有微米级尺寸的微液滴.此装置由基于V型直线超声电机驱动的微液滴生成部件、基于V型直线超声电机的三维位移控制平台和基于压电振子的微液滴分离部件组成.其中,生成部件包含超声电机、医用注射器、硅胶软管和自制的玻璃基微喷嘴.利用控制器驱动直线超声电机高精度地移动,由滑台推动注射器,在玻璃基喷嘴尖端产生附着的微小液滴;再利用压电振子激发杆状喷嘴的固有振型,使得附着的液滴克服粘性力从微喷嘴尖端分离,落在一定的范围内, 并计算生成的球形微液滴的半径.以蒸馏水作为初始液体,探究此装置生成的微液滴的特性.研究结果表明,蒸馏水在直线电机的精密驱动下,在微喷嘴尖端形成附着的球冠状液滴.通过分离部件的振动,附着的液滴克服自身的粘性力从喷嘴尖端分离, 形成球形液滴,通过测量得出此装置生成的球形液滴的半径小于40 μm.     

Anomalous melting of overheated smectic films

The formation of droplets of a nematic phase in free-standing smectic films (FSSFs) overheated above the temperature of the bulk smectic–nematic transition is studied theoretically. Contrary to the bulk systems the film melting is strongly influenced by its confinement between two free surfaces. By using the general thermodynamic approach to the stability of FSSF, we determined the gain in the free energy related with the formation of the nematic droplets, the value of the critical work and the critical size of the drops. The necessary material for initial drops growth is provided by the thermally exited dislocation loops. The further drops growth occurs through merging of the droplets of different size under influence of the capillary forces. These forces arise due to gradients of the surface energy of the film around the drops. At smaller distances an additional interaction of the fluctuation origin appears (pseudo-Casimir), which also favour the drops coalescence. The scenarios of the drop size evolution and of the dynamics of the process are in good agreement with experiments.     

Orientational control of liquid crystal molecules via carbon nanotubes and dichroic dye in polymer dispersed liquid crystal

Polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) using nematic liquid crystal and photo-curable polymer (NOA 65) were prepared by polymerisation-induced phase separation technique, in equal ratio (1:1) of polymer and liquid crystal (LC). We demonstrate that doping of small amount (0.125%, wt./wt.) of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and orange azo dichroic dye in PDLC generously controlled the molecular orientation, dynamics of LC in droplet and size of droplets. The effects of multiwall CNTs and dye on PDLCs were studied in terms of transition temperature, droplet morphology, transmittance characteristic, contrast ratio and response time. The results exhibited that the values of the threshold electric fields were reduced from 8 V/µm (pure PDLC) to 1.18 and 1.72 V/µm, doped with multiwall CNTs and dye, respectively. The CNTs-doped PDLC shows faster switching response as compared with pure PDLC and dye-doped PDLC. However, dye-doped PDLC shows much higher contrast among all PDLC samples. Further, the results also illustrate that the birefringence value of LC in PDLCs was changed with doping of CNTs and dye.     

Large-eddy simulation of impinging jets on smooth and rough surfaces

We performed large-eddy simulations (LES) of forced impinging jets over smooth and rough surfaces, containing large-scale, azimuthal vortices generated by the enhanced primary instability in the jet shear layer. The interaction between these vortices and the turbulence in the wall jet that is formed downstream of the impingement region determines their rate of decay. To explore the surface-roughness effects on the evolution of the vortices, sand-grain-like surfaces are generated using uniformly distributed but randomly oriented ellipsoids. The flow is compared to our previous LES of jets impinging on a smooth surface. In spite of the severe modification caused by the roughness on the near-wall flow, the vortex development is not significantly altered. Slightly faster decay of the primary vortices is observed in the rough-wall case compared to the smooth-wall one; the secondary vortex that detaches from the wall and is lifted up has larger vorticity. The highly disturbed near-wall flow is advected outward and affects the evolution of the primary vortex for a longer period during the vortex interaction. The robust turbulent generation mechanism in the outer shear layer, however, mitigates the changes in vortex behaviour. The momentum deficit and the enhancement of turbulence due to the surface roughness play a key role during this process.     

润湿梯度作用下液滴在倾斜表面向上运动的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用基于Shan-Chen伪势模型的格子Boltzmann方法,对液滴在存在润湿梯度的倾斜表面上克服重力、自下而上运动的过程进行模拟。探究润湿梯度、液滴尺寸、Bond数以及表面倾斜角度对液滴运动的影响。计算结果表明：液滴在运动过程中,内部会出现沿斜面向上的速度矢量,润湿梯度越大,液滴运动速度越快,润湿长度也越长,且动态接触角减小速率越快。液滴尺寸和Bond数对液滴运动的影响较小,但存在临界Bond数,超过该临界Bond数时,液滴将沿梯度润湿表面向下运动。表面倾角对液滴运动有显著影响,倾角增大,液滴运动速度和润湿长度都明显减小。     

正癸烷纳米液滴润湿特性的分子动力学研究

流体液滴在固体表面的浸润性对其润滑性能至关重要.本文利用分子动力学方法研究了正癸烷纳米液滴在铜表面上的润湿特性.结果表明：在平坦光滑表面上,壁面的厚度和分子数目对润湿效果影响不大.随着壁面能量势阱参数εs 增大,接触角线性减小.随着温度升高,液滴的接触角减小.在沟槽粗糙表面上,随着粗糙度因子增大,对于疏液表面,接触角增大到一定值后基本保持不变,符合Cassie理论;中性和亲液表面接触角则会减小,为Wenzel润湿模式.当表面分数增大时,疏液与亲液表面接触角整体呈减小的趋势,对中性表面影响不大.当温度升高时,粗糙疏液表面接触角会增大,润湿效果更差,而粗糙中性和亲液表面液滴润湿性会更好.     

结构高度对纳米液滴碰撞壁面过程的影响

液滴与壁面的碰撞过程广泛存在于自然界以及各类生产生活中,探究其传热传质作用机理以及形态演变对发展表面自清洁、喷墨打印、强化滴状冷凝、抗结冰结霜等技术都具有重要意义。为了探究结构高度在碰撞过程中的作用,本文通过分子动力学模拟对纳米液滴与壁面的碰撞过程进行了研究。构建了具有方柱状结构的粗糙表面模型,研究了壁面上纳米柱状结构的高度对碰撞过程的影响,记录了液滴的变形过程,并对相关的动力学特征以及能量变化进行了分析。     

高温壁面上静止液滴的Leidenfrost温度模型研究

本文以高温壁面上的静止液滴为研究对象,对其蒸发特性开展了理论研究。不同计算工况下得到的液滴蒸发过程中半径和蒸汽膜厚度变化与实验值吻合良好。结果表明随着壁面温度的降低,蒸汽膜厚度逐渐减小。结合表面粗糙度的影响,研究中提出了Leidenfrost温度的触发机制:当蒸汽膜厚度足够小时,会极易被加热表面的不平整突起贯穿,蒸汽膜的稳定性遭到破坏,从而导致液滴-壁面的直接接触,最终结束膜态沸腾状态。利用此模型预测的Leidenfrost温度与实验值吻合良好,并从理论角度解释了环境压力对Leidenfrost温度的影响机制。     

T型微通道中液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为研究

液滴不对称分裂是获得不同尺寸微液滴的优选方法,研究液滴不对称分裂行为对于生物医学、能源化工及食品工程等领域具有重要意义.本文研制T型微通道芯片并设计搭建T型微通道液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为可视化实验平台,研究流量调控对微液滴分裂比的影响规律,并建立理论模型对分裂比进行预测,得到以下结论:液滴不对称挤压分裂过程分为挤压前期、挤压后期和快速夹断阶段,在挤压前期,液滴颈部宽度随时间呈线性变化,在挤压后期,颈部宽度随时间呈指数关系,而在快速夹断阶段,液滴颈部向心收缩的界面附加压力占主导,液滴颈部宽度剧烈收缩,呈断崖式减小;调控分支通道流量可对液滴不对称分裂比进行调控,且调控作用受毛细数影响较大;基于液液流动压降模型的液滴分裂比预测模型能够有效预测液滴分裂比.     

Large Eddy Simulation of a plane impinging jet

Large Eddy Simulations of a plane turbulent impinging jet have been carried out using the dynamic Smagorinsky model. The statistical results are first validated with the measurements from the literature: mean and turbulent quantities along the jet axis and at different vertical locations are presented. This study is completed by the analysis of the wall shear stress at the impingement wall. The effect of the jet Reynolds number (3000Re13500) on the kinematic development of the jet is also discussed. To cite this article: F. Beaubert, S. Viazzo, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 803–810.