Design and Investigation of a Dynamic Auto-Adjusting Ejector for the MED-TVC Desalination System Driven by Solar Energy

Ejectors have been widely used in multi-effect distillation, thermal vapor compression (MED-TVC) desalination systems due to their simple structures and low energy consumption. However, traditional fixed geometry ejectors fail to operate under unstable working conditions driven by solar energy. Herein, a dynamic auto-adjusting ejector, equipped with a needle at the nozzle throat, is proposed to improve the ejector’s performance under changeable operating conditions. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is built to analyze the performance and flow field of the ejector. It is found that the achievable entrainment ratio gradually increases as the needle approaches the nozzle, and the entrainment ratio of the ejector is relatively stable, varying slightly between 1.1–1.2 when the primary pressure changes from 2.5 to 4 bar. Besides, the performance comparison between the proposed ejector and the traditional ejector is studied under the same primary pressure range. The entrainment ratio of the designed ejector was 1.6 times higher than that of the conventional ejector at a primary pressure of 2.5 bar. Furthermore, the average entrainment ratio of the designed ejector is 1.14, as compared to 0.84 for the traditional ejector. Overall, the proposed auto-adjusting ejector could be potentially used in MED-TVC desalination systems under variable conditions.     

电爆金属丝产生纳米粉体

建立了一台用于纳米粉体制备的电爆炸金属丝装置,它可以在不打开放电腔体情况下,依次电爆炸8根金属丝。对电爆炸金属丝进行了电路模拟,电路模拟结果表明,减小放电回路电感,或在保持电容器初始储能不变条件下,提高充电电压的同时减小储能电容可提高能量注入速率。为了理解金属蒸气形成纳米粉体的物理过程,利用马赫-曾德激光干涉方法,研究了丝爆后金属蒸气及等离子体的演化过程,得到了电爆丝的典型物理图像,观察到电爆丝中金属蒸气喷发的“热滞后”现象及金属蒸气的多次喷发现象。并利用电爆丝法制备了氮化钛、二氧化钛、铜氧化物和氧化锌的纳米粉体。     

1.2 MJ能源模块中两电极气体开关开通特性

在新的强激光能源系统中,采用了一种大电荷转移量同轴结构的两电极气体开关。为了研究气体开关的开通过程,采用仿真软件ATP与PSCAD分别对该开关在开通过程中的某些特征参量对开通特性的影响进行了仿真分析和研究,提出了一种用于模拟气体开关开通过程的模型,并由此得到了触发电压与导通能量之间的关系曲线,并从中得出结论,触发能量对气体开关导通的影响不大。     

Investigation of the Effect of Substituents on Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Benzothiazole Derivatives

A series of new benzothiazole-derived donor–acceptor-based compounds (Comp1–4) were synthesized and characterized with the objective of tuning their multifunctional properties, i.e., charge transport, electronic, and optical. All the proposed structural formulations (Comp1–4) were commensurate using FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-mass, UV–vis, and elemental analysis techniques. The effects of the electron-donating group (-CH₃) and electron-withdrawing group (-NO₂) on the optoelectronic and charge transfer properties were studied. The substituent effect on absorption was calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level in the gas and solvent phases. The effect of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra using various polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., ethanol, acetone, DMF, and DMSO was investigated. Light was shed on the charge transport in benzothiazole compounds by calculating electron affinity, ionization potential, and reorganization energies. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were used to prepare thin films on the FTO substrate to evaluate the charge carrier mobility and other related device parameters with the help of I-V characteristic measurements.     

Density Functional Theory Study of the Point Defects on KDP (100) and (101) Surfaces

Surface defects are usually associated with the formation of other forms of expansion defects in crystals, which have an impact on the crystals’ growth quality and optical properties. Thereby, the structure, stability, and electronic structure of the hydrogen and oxygen vacancy defects (V_H and V_O) on the (100) and (101) growth surfaces of KDP crystals were studied by using density functional theory. The effects of acidic and alkaline environments on the structure and properties of surface defects were also discussed. It has been found that the considered vacancy defects have different properties on the (100) and (101) surfaces, especially those that have been reported in the bulk KDP crystals. The (100) surface has a strong tolerance for surface V_H and V_O defects, while the V_O defect causes a large lattice relaxation on the (101) surface and introduces a deep defect level in the band gap, which damages the optical properties of KDP crystals. In addition, the results show that the acidic environment is conducive to the repair of the V_H defects on the surface and can eliminate the defect states introduced by the surface V_O defects, which is conducive to improving the quality of the crystal surface and reducing the defect density. Our study opens up a new way to understand the structure and properties of surface defects in KDP crystals, which are different from the bulk phase, and also provides a theoretical basis for experimentally regulating the surface defects in KDP crystals through an acidic environment.     

结晶生长的化学键合理论

针对一般晶体的生长过程,在测定相应溶液(熔体)组成结构的基础上,我们引入了晶体生长过渡相区的概念,并采用键价模型来衡量生长过程中发生变化的化学键的键强度。过饱和溶液(熔体)中的生长单元经过生长过渡相区时,依据彼此之间弱的化学键合作用来微调其内部强的化学键,并以单个生长单元或者生长单元的简单连接体的形式键合进入晶格。在整个结晶生长过程中,生长单元之间弱的键合作用对整个结晶过程(生长速度、晶相的形成)起着决定性作用;同时,中等强度的化学键在生长过渡相区中的变化情况对晶体的最终形貌具有重要影响。     

周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器

首次提出了利用周期永磁环做初始能源的螺旋型爆磁压缩发生器,该结构由4节永磁环正反排到组成。阐述了这种周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器的结构及其特点,并利用等效电路模型分析了轴线起爆周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器的磁通变化规律和爆磁压缩过程,得到了基本的电流变化关系。 分析及数值计算结果表明：这种周期永磁环爆磁压缩发生器能够实现电流放大,在磁化电流为0.13 MA,磁化回路负载电感为1.0 μH条件下,最终输出电流可达0.16 MA。周期永磁环可以作为爆磁压缩发生器的初始能源,这种概念设计值得进行进一步的实验探索。     

KDP晶体中点缺陷Na取代K的电子结构研究

对磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体中Na取代K点缺陷的几何结构及电子结构进行了第一性研究。计算的形成能约为0.46 eV,因此在KDP晶体中此类缺陷比较容易形成。Na取代K以后没有在带隙中形成缺陷态,但在价带中引入两个占据态。它们分别位于费米面以下49 eV和21.5 eV处,这两个占据态分别由Na原子的s和p轨道形成。相对于K来说,由于它们位于价带深处,具有很低的能量,因此Na在KDP中比K稳定。Na在KDP晶体中与周围氧原子的重叠布居仅为0.09, 故它不与主体原子发生共价作用,仅以静电库仑力影响周围原子,此缺陷周围晶格仅发生微小畸变。     

能量输运对柱状等离子体开关磁场穿透过程的影响

对于高密度、导通时间为μs级的柱状等离子体开关,利用磁流体动力学理论(MHD),对其导通阶段的磁场穿透过程进行了模拟,得到了磁场分布随时间的变化;研究了开关导通过程中能量输运导致的温度不均匀分布对磁场穿透过程的影响。模拟结果表明：对于高密度等离子体开关,磁场以远大于磁扩散速率的速度穿透到等离子体中;在磁压对等离子体产生的压缩效应和欧姆加热效应共同作用下,激波区域的等离子体温度显著升高,这进一步加速了磁场穿透;当考虑能量输运方程时,开关导通时间为0.87 μs,比等温模型的结果0.92 μs短,与实验结果0.87 μs相一致。     

强脉冲软X光辐照薄塑料闪烁体发光特性研究

介绍了Z-pinch实验用软X光功率仪的测量原理,利用“强光一号”产生的强脉冲软X光对薄塑料闪烁体(40 mm×0.1 mm)进行了辐照。实验中,采用两套软X光功率仪并安装在同一个大法兰面上,其中一套作为标准系统,参数保持不变,另一套系统的狭缝宽度逐渐增加,以改变软X光辐照到闪烁体上的能量通量密度。测量了软X光的辐射功率,由此计算得到在强脉冲软X光辐照下发光线性输出时能量通量密度下限,为1.47×105 W/cm2,为以后在Z-pinch物理诊断中合理安排探测系统提供了实验依据,使诊断结果更加合理和准确。