全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12074篇 |
免费 | 1835篇 |
国内免费 | 1088篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 8924篇 |
晶体学 | 479篇 |
力学 | 1295篇 |
综合类 | 39篇 |
数学 | 289篇 |
物理学 | 3971篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 38篇 |
2023年 | 151篇 |
2022年 | 366篇 |
2021年 | 435篇 |
2020年 | 703篇 |
2019年 | 478篇 |
2018年 | 423篇 |
2017年 | 440篇 |
2016年 | 706篇 |
2015年 | 690篇 |
2014年 | 735篇 |
2013年 | 951篇 |
2012年 | 652篇 |
2011年 | 808篇 |
2010年 | 711篇 |
2009年 | 715篇 |
2008年 | 791篇 |
2007年 | 806篇 |
2006年 | 716篇 |
2005年 | 562篇 |
2004年 | 554篇 |
2003年 | 548篇 |
2002年 | 364篇 |
2001年 | 313篇 |
2000年 | 249篇 |
1999年 | 187篇 |
1998年 | 167篇 |
1997年 | 116篇 |
1996年 | 112篇 |
1995年 | 69篇 |
1994年 | 73篇 |
1993年 | 52篇 |
1992年 | 49篇 |
1991年 | 45篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 31篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 16篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
W/Cu梯度功能材料的高热负荷性能研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
用等离子体喷涂和热压方法制作了W/Cu梯度功能材料(FGM)样品,用大功率ND∶YAG激光对其进行了高热负载模拟实验.结果表明,在100~400MW@m-2的瞬时(脉冲宽度为4ms)热负载下,经过200~700次热循环,未发现有W-Cu复合体开裂.在123MW@m-2的功率密度下作用700次,发现钨表面有再结晶现象及严重的晶界腐蚀和裂纹,再结晶的平均晶粒尺寸约为5~10μm,垂直于表面呈柱状结构,再结晶层厚度约20~30μm.由于激光的淬冷效应,晶粒生长的趋势并不明显.在398MW@m-2功率密度下出现了明显的腐蚀坑,坑内呈疏松的蜂窝结构,坑的边缘出现了明显沉积区,能谱分析表明沉积区集聚了大量的金属杂质.等离子体喷涂试样比热压试样更易产生晶界的断裂的裂纹.在相同的热负荷条件下,W/Cu FGM的重量损失低于石墨材料的重量损失. 相似文献
992.
Jin-cheng ZHENG 《Frontiers of Physics in China》2008,3(3):269-279
By converting waste heat into electricity through the thermoelectric power of solids without producing greenhouse gas emissions,
thermoelectric generators could be an important part of the solution to today’s energy challenge. There has been a resurgence
in the search for new materials for advanced thermoelectric energy conversion applications. In this paper, we will review
recent efforts on improving thermoelectric efficiency. Particularly, several novel proof-of-principle approaches such as phonon
disorder in phonon-glass-electron crystals, low dimensionality in nanostructured materials and charge-spin-orbital degeneracy
in strongly correlated systems on thermoelectric performance will be discussed.
相似文献
993.
Marek Wichtowski Andrzej Ziółkowski Ewa Weinert-Rączka 《Central European Journal of Physics》2008,6(3):546-554
In our work we propose a novel method of analysis of photorefractive transport equations. The method based on a perturbative
approach can be used in the case of two wave mixing and four wave mixing geometry, i.e. for the samples illuminated by interference
patterns. Presented approach can be employed for a broad range of material and experimental parameters, particularly for arbitrary
depth of light modulation pattern. The approximate analytical solution is compared with results of numerical calculations
and a good agreement practically in every case was found.
Presented at 9-th International Workshop on Nonlinear Optics Applications, NOA 2007, May 17–20, 2007, Šwinoujście, Poland 相似文献
994.
We consider site percolation on Z
d, directed edges going from any sZ
d to s+A
1,..., s+A
n, where A
1,..., A
n are the same for all sites and at least two of them are noncollinear. A site is closed if it belongs to p+Block, where p is a point in a Poisson distribution in R
dZ
d with a density and Block={sL: |s|M}+{sR
d: |s|}, where L is a linear subspace of R
d, |·| is the Euclidean norm, =max(|A
1|,..., |A
n|) and M is a parameter. We study the behavior of *, the critical value, and P
closed*, corresponding critical percentage of closed sites, when M. Denote R
d/L the factor space. Call two nonzero vectors U, V codirected if U=kV, where k>0. Theorem. If there are A
i and A
j whose projections to R
d/L are not codirected, then *1/M
dim(L) and P
closed* remains separated both from 0 and 1 when M. If projections of all A
1,..., A
n to R
d/L are codirected, then *1/M
dim(L)+1 and P
closed*1/M when M. 相似文献
995.
996.
Nanostructured perovskite-type Sr1−aCeaFeO3−x, (0?a<0.15) powders have been prepared by citrate-nitrate smoldering auto-combustion. Their phase structure and stability, surface and morphological properties, reduction behavior and interaction with oxygen have been investigated by X-ray Powder Diffraction combined with Rietveld Analysis, 57Fe Mössbauer and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopies, N2-adsorption method, Temperature Programmed Reduction and Oxidation experiments. Our results reveal that citrate-nitrate auto-combustion method is effective in obtaining single phase Sr1−aCeaFeO3−x. The Sr1−aCeaFeO3−x structure is cubic only for a?0.06, while for a<0.06 remains tetragonal. Moreover, for a?0.06 after semi-reductive treatment under inert gas, an expanded cubic phase is obtained instead of the brownmillerite-type structure, which is known to have ordered vacancies. Stabilization of octahedral Fe3+ by cerium doping appears to be the main factor in determining the structural properties of Sr1−aCeaFeO3−x. The highest oxygen consumption for Ce-doped SrFeO3 occurs for a=0.06. Preliminary impedance measurements show that Sr0.94Ce0.06FeO3−x has the lowest area-specific resistance. 相似文献
997.
Delong Zhang Xiaojun ChenYufang Wang Dengsong ZhuBo Wu Guoxiang Lan 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2002,63(2):345-358
Raman spectra of as-grown and vapor transport equilibration (VTE) treated Er:LiNbO3 crystals, which have different cut orientations (X-cut and Z-cut), different Er-doping levels (Er:(0.2, 0.4 and 2.0 mol%)LiNbO3) and different VTE durations (80, 120, 150 and 180 h), were recorded at room temperature in the wavenumber range 50-1000 cm−1 by using backward scattering geometry. The spectra were attributed on the basis of their spectral features and the previous experimental work and the most recent theoretical progress in lattice dynamics on pure LiNbO3. In comparison with the pure crystal the most remarkable effect of Er-doping on the Raman spectrum is observed for the E(TO9) mode. It does not appear at 610 cm−1 as the pure crystal, but locates at 633 cm−1. In addition, the doping also results in the lowering of the Raman phonon frequency, the broadening of the Raman linewidth and the changes of the relative Raman intensity of some peaks. The VTE treatment results in the narrowing of the linewidth, the recovery of the lowered phonon frequency and the further changes of relative Raman intensity. The narrowing of Raman linewidth indicates that the VTE processing has brought these crystals closer to stoichiometric composition. The VTE treatment has induced the formation of a precipitate ErNbO4 in the high-doped Er(2.0%):LiNbO3 crystals whether X- or Z-cut. For these precipitated crystals, besides above linewidth and phonon frequency features, they also display more significant Raman intensity changes compared with those not precipitated crystals. In addition, a slight mixing between A1(TO) and E(TO) spectra is also observed for these precipitated crystals. Above doping and VTE effects on Raman spectra were quantitatively or qualitatively correlated with the characteristics of the crystal structure and phonon vibrational system. 相似文献
998.
999.
B. Boffey Francisco Ramón Fernández García Gilbert Laporte Juan A. Mesa Blas Pelegrín Pelegrín 《TOP》1995,3(2):167-220
Summary Many network routing problems, particularly where the transportation of hazardous materials is involved, are multiobjective
in nature; that is, it is desired to optimise not only physical path length but other features as well. Several such problems
are defined here and a general framework for multiobjective routing problems is proposed. The notion of “efficient solution”
is defined and it is demonstrated, by means of an example, that a problem may have very many solutions which are efficient.
Next, potentially useful solution methods for multiobjective routing problems are discussed with emphasis being placed on
the use of shortest/k-shortest path techniques. Finally, some directions for possible further research are indicated.
Invited by B. Pelegrin 相似文献
1000.
M. R. Koblischka S. L. Huang K. Fossheim T. H. Johansen H. Bratsberg 《Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications》1998,300(3-4):207-211
Flux distributions of partial-melting processed Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ ceramics are obtained using magneto-optic imaging. In remanent states (μ0Ha=0 T), large amounts of trapped flux are observed along (Sr,Ca)2CuOy particles embedded in the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ matrix. Despite the relatively large size of these particles (up to 30 μm), the pinning effect is similar to that of Y2BaCuO5 particles in melt-processed YBa2Cu3O7−δ. Furthermore, we discuss how the pinning capability of non-superconducting particles of different sizes and densities will show up in magneto-optic images. 相似文献