Three dimensional accurate morphology measurements of polystyrene standard particles on silicon substrate by electron tomography

Polystyrene latex (PSL) nanoparticle (NP) sample is one of the most widely used standard materials. It is used for calibration of particle counters and particle size measurement tools. It has been reported that the measured NP sizes by various methods, such as Differential Mobility Analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), differ from each other. Deformation of PSL NPs on mica substrate has been reported in AFM measurements: the lateral width of PSL NPs is smaller than their vertical height. To provide a reliable calibration standard, the deformation must be measured by a method that can reliably visualize the entire three dimensional (3D) shape of the PSL NPs. Here we present a method for detailed measurement of PSL NP 3D shape by means of electron tomography in a transmission electron microscope. The observed shape of the PSL NPs with 100 nm and 50 nm diameter were not spherical, but squished in direction perpendicular to the support substrate by about 7.4% and 12.1%, respectively. The high difference in surface energy of the PSL NPs and that of substrate together with their low Young modulus appear to explain the squishing of the NPs without presence of water film.     

On the Nano/Micro-Mechanics of Metallic Glass

Metallic glass (MG) is amorphous and has some outstanding properties such as ultrahigh strength, superior elasticity, and excellent thermo-plasticity. However, as MG is relatively new to the metal family, the relationship between its physical properties and amorphous structure is still unclear. This article aims to provide an insightful discussion through a comprehensive review about the investigations in the past few decades on the scientific mechanisms of this class of material. The discussion of the paper will include the following key aspects: (1) the formation mechanism of an amorphous structure through glass transition, (2) the structural characterization and models, (3) the micromechanics of plastic event and shear band, and (4) the correlation between the amorphous structure and its mechanical properties.     

Nonlinear phase field theory for fracture and twinning with analysis of simple shear

A phase field theory for coupled twinning and fracture in single crystal domains is developed. Distinct order parameters denote twinned and fractured domains, finite strains are addressed and elastic nonlinearity is included via a neo-Hookean strain energy potential. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived; an incremental energy minimization approach is advocated for prediction of equilibrium microstructural morphologies under quasi-static loading protocols. Aspects of the theory are analysed in detail for a material element undergoing simple shear deformation. Exact analytical and/or one-dimensional numerical solutions are obtained in dimensionless form for stress states, stability criteria and order parameter profiles at localized fractures or twinning zones. For sufficient applied strain, the relative likelihood of localized twinning vs. localized fracture is found to depend only on the ratio of twin boundary surface energy to fracture surface energy. Predicted criteria for shear stress-driven fracture or twinning are often found to be in closer agreement with test data for several types of real crystals than those based on the concept of theoretical strength.     

Deformation Quantizations of the Poisson Algebra of Laurent Polynomials

It is well known that the Moyal bracket gives a unique deformation quantization of the canonical phase space R2n up to equivalence. In his presentation of an interesting deformation quantization of the Poisson algebra of Laurent polynomials, Ovsienko discusses the equivalences of deformation quantizations of these algebras. We show that under suitable conditions, deformation quantizations of this algebra are equivalent. Though Ovsienko showed that there exists a deformation quantization of the Poisson algebra of Laurent polynomials which is not equivalent to the Moyal product, this is not correct. We show this equivalence by two methods: a direct construction of the intertwiner via the star exponential and a more standard approach using Hochschild 2-cocycles.     

有限变形的三维粘弹性本构模型(英文)

遗传积分形式与弹性元件和粘壶串并联表示的微分形式可以描述高聚物小变形情况下的粘弹性特性.文章以这些小变形的本构模型为起点,推出有限变形下的本构模型.一个有限变形过程分解成一系列微小变形子过程.小变形子过程中,应力的转动变化由弹性本构方程确定,主应力的变化由弹性元件和粘壶串并联结构的模型确定,这样提出了一个满足客观性原理的有限变形的粘弹性本构模型.模型材料参数随应变率而变,所以模型适合于从准静态到冲击载荷的较宽应变率范围.作为应用,计算了简单剪切有限变形,就建议的模型与现有的模型进行了比较,结果表明建议的模型能够描述高聚物有限变形情况下的粘弹性性质.     

岩体动力变形破坏的层次特性(英文)

岩体具有复杂的内部结构,内部结构对于岩土的力学性质具有决定性的影响.文章从岩体结构层次的角度研究了岩体的动力变形与破坏过程,在松弛模型的框架内研究了变形破坏的空间尺度与应变率之间的关系.讨论了裂纹传播速度与荷载强度之间的关系,研究了岩体变形破坏的层次特性.最后从岩体结构层次角度研究了岩体的破坏准则.研究表明:岩体的动力变形与破坏具有层次特性,这一层次特性依赖于外载的空间与时间特性、岩体的结构层次和岩体变形与破坏过程速度的有限性.时间准则与极限变形准则可以较好地描述岩体的动力破坏.     

La(Ⅲ)、Gd(Ⅲ)、Tb(Ⅲ)8-羟基喹啉固体配合物的光声光谱与弛豫过程

本文合成Ｌａ（Ⅲ）、Ｇｄ（Ⅲ）、Ｔｂ（Ⅲ）８－羟基喹啉固体配合物，通过对其光声光谱的分析，研究了８－羟基喹啉稀土配合物的荧光性质和弛豫过程     

高次非球面的工艺技术研究

 高次非球面在光学系统应用中意义重大,但是一直以来缺乏一套快速、有效的工艺方法。利用VC6.0编制了一款面型计算软件以辅助加工,并提出了一种新的高次非球面补偿检验方法。针对一块巡天光谱仪中口径Φ244 mm的一面平面另一面为高次非球面的改正镜开展工艺方法的设计与研究,从铣磨成形开始,根据高次非球面的特点提出了几种新型磨削工艺,建立相应的数学模型。由于高次非球面的特殊性,试验了数控铣磨直接成型法,很大程度上降低后继工艺难度,在细磨和抛光阶段采用数控小工具和整工具研磨相结合,能够很好地克服面型不平滑等技术难题。总结出了一套高效率、低成本、高精度的高次非球面工艺方法。     

碳纳米管的稳定性研究

石墨晶体结构遭到破坏时,总是碎化为微小尺寸的片状粉末.孤立的石墨烯片在其边缘存在大量的悬挂键,使得石墨烯片的能量较高,状态也不稳定.石墨烯片卷曲形成碳纳米管后,悬挂键减少,系统能量相应降低.另一方面,石墨烯片卷曲形成碳纳米管将产生相应的形变势能,形变势能的产生将抵消由于减少石墨烯片边缘上的悬挂键所带来的能量降低,使碳纳米管的能量可能高于石墨烯片的能量,导致碳纳米管结构的不稳定.在建立碳纳米管生成的力学模型并进行深入理论分析的基础上得出了碳纳米管可以稳定存在的最小直径约为0.32nm的结论. 关键词： 碳纳米管 稳定性 形变势能 键能     

Study of domain structure and magnetization reversal after thermal treatments in Fe40Co38Mo4B18 microwires

We have studied the effect of thermal treatment on the magnetic domain structure and magnetic reversal process of amorphous and nanocrystalline Fe₄₀Co₃₈Mo₄B₁₈ microwires. The domain structure and the magnetization reversal of amorphous FeCoMoB microwires reflect the complex stress distribution introduced by the glass coating. Hence, the thickness of radial domain structure decreases with temperature and the temperature dependence of the switching field presents a discontinuous behavior. After nanocrystallization, the domain structure of FeCoMoB microwire is almost constant within the temperature range 10-400 K and the switching field decreases almost linearly with temperature mostly because of the decrease of saturation magnetization.