Ultra-sensitive analysis based on electrochemistry,electrokinetic and magnetic preconcentration of analytes

Some of the challenges with detection of ultra-low concentrations of analytes are to achieve sufficient sensitivity of the measurement and to direct the analyte species to the sensor (electrode) surface. This review describes various strategies that are available to address these challenges: method of electrocatalytic amplification, electrochemical measurements performed in combination with electrokinetic preconcentration of analytes, ultra-sensitive analysis utilizing increased surface area and also the manipulation by the magnetic force.     

Interpreting weak value amplification with a toy realist model

Constructing an ontology for quantum theory is challenging, in part due to measurement back-action. The Aharonov-Albert-Vaidman weak measurement formalism provides a method to predict measurement results (weak values) when back-action is negligible. The weak value appears analogous to a classical conditional mean, yet can be complex and unbounded. We study weak values in the context of a recent quantum optical experiment involving two-photon interactions. The results of the experiment are reinterpreted within a realist ‘stochastic optics’ model of light. We show that the conditional means of the intensities in the model correspond to the experimentally observed weak values and study the breakdown of the model outside the experimentally probed regime in the limit where the weak value predicts ‘anomalous’ results.     

Multiple Scattering Between Adjacent Sound Sources in Head-Related Transfer Function Measurement System

To accelerate head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) measurement, two or more independent sound sources are usually employed in the measurement system. However, the multiple scattering between adjacent sound sources may influence the accuracy of measurement. On the other hand, the directivity of sound source could induce measurement error. Therefore, a model consisting of two spherical sound sources with approximate omni-directivity and a rigid-spherical head is proposed to evaluate the errors in HRTF measurement caused by multiple scattering between sources. An example of analysis using multipole re-expansion indicates that the error of ipsilateral HRTFs are within the bound of ± 1.0 dB below a frequency of 20 kHz, provided that the sound source radius does not exceed 0.025 m, the source distance relative to head center is not less than 0.5 m, and the angular interval between two adjacent sources is not less than 20 degrees. Similar conclusions under different conditions can also be analyzed and discussed by using this calculation method. Furthermore, the results are verified by measurements of HRTFs for a rigid sphere and a KEMAR artificial head.     

Characterization of tunnel oxide passivated contact with n-type poly-Si on p-type c-Si wafer substrate

The junction properties of tunnel silicon oxide (SiO_x) passivated contact (TOPCon) with n-type poly-Si on p-type c-Si wafer are characterized using current-voltage (J-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The dark J-V curves show a standard diode characteristic with a turn-on voltage of ～0.63 V, indicating a p-n junction is formed. While the C-V curve displays an irregular shape with features of 1) a slow C increase with the decrease of the magnitude of reverse bias voltage, being used to estimate the built-in potential (V_bi), 2) a significant increase at a given positive bias voltage, corresponding to the geometric capacitance crossing the ultrathin SiO_x, and 3) a sharp decrease to negative values, resulting from the charge tunneling through the SiO_x layer. The C of depleting layer deviates from the normal linear curve in the 1/C²-V plot, which is caused by the diffusion of P dopants from the n-type poly-Si into the p-type c-Si wafer as confirmed by the electrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements. However, the 1/C^2+γ-V plots with γ > 0 leads to linear curves with a proper γ and the V_bi can still be estimated. We find that the V_bi is the range of 0.75–0.85 V, increases with the increase of the doping ratio during the poly-Si fabrication process, and correlates with the passivation quality as measured by the reverse saturated current and implied open circuit voltage extracted from transient photoconductivity decay.     

钻石颜色分级定量化技术的研究

美国宝石学院19世纪30年代起,首先建立了一套成熟的钻石颜色分级系统。传统上,钻石颜色分级靠目视以及与成套标准比色石比较确定。目视分级结果被一些因素如检验环境、钻石尺寸,分级人员等所影响。因此经常出现对一个样品,即使是同一个人在相同环境分级检测也容易出现分级偏差。为了避免上述问题,利用检测设备来评估钻石颜色,成为钻石领域的一个研究热点。可是目前没有达到评估钻石颜色分级的要求。该研究给出了一个有意义的方法来定量表征钻石的颜色。该方法使用显微微区定位检测方法来定量评估钻石颜色,同时该方法可以避免钻石尺寸大小对钻石颜色分级的影响。可见光分光光度计原理被使用在该方法。该方法由样品系统、微区定位显示系统、信号收集与计算系统组成。D65光源被使用,并且色温保持在(6 500±200) K; 高分辨率CCD探测器作为信号采集设备。该方法准确检测了几套不同大小和颜色的带国家（中国）标准证书的钻石样品,结果表明,该方法能够快速、准确的测量钻石的颜色坐标,并自动转换为钻石分级系统对应的颜色分级级别,同时靠使用微区定位检测技术,对圆钻型钻石测试能够排除钻石尺寸引起的颜色分级偏差。该方法对钻石分级是一个有益的潜在技术。     

Characterization of dynamical measurement's uncertainty in a two-qubit system coupled with bosonic reservoirs

We study the dynamical characteristics of the entropy-based uncertainty with regard to a pair of incompatible measurements under a bipartite qubit-system suffering from quantum decoherence induced by hierarchical environments. How non-Markovian and Markovian environments affect the dynamical behaviors of the measurement's uncertainty is revealed. We prove that the measured uncertainty of interest demonstrates a non-monotonic behavior, viz., the amount will increase initially and subsequently oscillate periodically with the growth of time in a non-Markovian regime; On the contrary, the uncertainty will inflate firstly and monotonically decrease in a Markovian regime. Noteworthily, we put forward a simple and feasible strategy to suppress the damping of the system and hence be good for decreasing the magnitude of the uncertainty, by virtue of optimal combination of pre-weak measurements and post-filtering operations. Furthermore, we explore the applications of the uncertainty relation investigated on entanglement witness and channel capacity.     

不同封装光纤低温测温性能研究

基于拉曼散射的分布式光纤温度传感器由于具有抗电磁干扰、耐高压、可连续测温等优点,在超导电缆及相关超导电力装置中具有潜在应用场景.在超导电缆低温运行环境中,常规光纤封装材料耐低温性能差,其收缩变形会降低光纤测温性能甚至破坏光纤结构.本文对低温下不同封装光纤测温性能展开研究,选择四种光纤样品,在77～287 K温度区间内对其进行了稳态和动态温度测量实验,分析了低温下不同封装材料、结构和厚度等因素对光纤测温性能的影响,给出了适用于液氮低温测温的光纤封装材料和结构,实验验证了聚烯烃紧套光纤在时间和空间上连续测温的可行性.     

光谱辐射测量仪器温度修正方法的研究及验证

光谱辐射定标是光学遥感仪器研制中的关键环节。深入分析实验室定标的光谱辐射测量仪器至户外应用的不确定度来源,环境温度是限制仪器户外高精度测量的最主要因素之一。传统的光谱辐射度实验室定标通常在室温（~25 ℃）下进行,而户外光谱辐射测量处于不同温度环境,严重影响仪器测量的准确度。设计搭建实验测量系统,采用遥感辐射领域常用的光谱辐射测量仪器,研究环境温度对光谱辐射测量的影响。实验结果显示：常用光谱辐射计（CR-280）的测量结果受温度影响明显,在10～40 ℃之间变化时,仪器光谱辐射亮度测量值在400～700nm波段内的偏差为±5%左右,而700～1 050 nm内的偏差高达±15%左右。这主要由于仪器采用硅探测器,红外波段恰好与硅的带边接近,硅探测器易受温度影响,温度增加硅的带边会向长波方向移动,光谱辐射计的响应度也随之增加。基于实验数据统计分析,提出一种适用于不同类型光谱辐射计的温度修正方法,相对于传统的斜率/截距（S/B）算法适用性更广,还可由公式计算出任意温度下的修正结果。修正后CR-280红外波段的偏差（950 nm左右）由±10%降低为±1%,明显减小了因户外使用与实验室定标温度不同造成的测量结果偏差。此外,利用不同类型光谱辐射测量仪器（Avantes及SVC HR-1024）对温度修正方法进行验证。环境温度变化时光谱仪Avantes（VIS/NIR）的测量结果存在较大偏差（1 060 nm高达±17%）。通过温度修正方法运算,仪器修正值与定标值的偏差在±1%以内。光谱辐射计（SVC HR-1024）不同波段的测量值,与定标值的偏差受温度影响不同。这主要由于：仪器由Si、制冷型InGaAs及扩展InGaAs探测器组成,Si探测器受温度影响大,950～1 000 nm波段测量值与定标值的偏差高达±10%。而制冷型InGaAs可有效控制探测器温度,受温度的直接影响相对小。但随温度增加,InGaAs探测器制冷效果受限（制冷最佳工作温度为20 ℃）,测量结果产生偏差（1%~3%）。同样,利用温度修正公式对不同温度下SVC HR-1024的测量结果进行修正运算,仪器因温度变化引起的偏差可降低至±1%以内。     

Relating geologic units and mobility system kinematics contributing to Curiosity wheel damage at Gale Crater,Mars

Curiosity landed on plains to the north of Mount Sharp in August 2012. By June 2016 the rover had traversed 12.9 km to the southwest, encountering extensive strata that were deposited in a fluvial-deltaic-lacustrine system. Initial drives across sharp sandstone outcrops initiated an unacceptably high rate of punctures and cracks in the thin aluminum wheel skin structures. Initial damage was found to be related to the drive control mode of the six wheel drive actuators and the kinematics of the rocker-bogie suspension. Wheels leading a suspension pivot were forced onto sharp, immobile surfaces by the other wheels as they maintained their commanded angular velocities. Wheel damage mechanisms such as geometry-induced stress concentration cracking and low-cycle fatigue were then exacerbated. A geomorphic map was generated to assist in planning traverses that would minimize further wheel damage. A steady increase in punctures and cracks between landing and June 2016 was due in part because of drives across the sharp sandstone outcrops that could not be avoided. Wheel lifetime estimates show that with careful path planning the wheels will be operational for an additional ten kilometers or more, allowing the rover to reach key strata exposed on the slopes of Mount Sharp.     

A practical comparison of surface resistance test electrodes

Four surface resistance test electrodes are compared using a selection of materials under similar test conditions. The results vary considerably with some materials due to variation in surface resistivity. Using a relatively uniform material two concentric ring electrodes compliant with the same standard differed in results by a factor of 1.8. Silver stripe and copper tape electrodes gave results a factor 0.4 and 0.7 compared to the reference electrode. A 2-pin electrode gave results a factor 4.7 greater. The 2 pin probe cannot be expected to give similar results to the other electrodes for materials that have variable resistivity.