Surface free energy of CrNx films deposited using closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering

CrN_x thin films have attracted much attention for semiconductor IC packaging molding dies and forming tools due to their excellent hardness, thermal stability and non-sticking properties (low surface free energy). However, few data has been published on the surface free energy (SFE) of CrN_x films at temperatures in the range 20-170 °C. In this study CrN_x thin films with CrN, Cr(N), Cr₂N (and mixture of these phases) were prepared using closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering at a wide range of Cr⁺² emission intensity. The contact angles of water, di-iodomethane and ethylene glycol on the coated surfaces were measured at temperatures in the range 20-170 °C using a Dataphysics OCA-20 contact angle analyzer. The surface free energy of the CrN_x films and their components (e.g., dispersion, polar) were calculated using the Owens-Wendt geometric mean approach. The influences of CrN_x film surface roughness and microstructure on the surface free energy were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The experimental results showed that the lowest total SFE was obtained corresponding to CrN at temperature in 20 °C. This is lower than that of Cr(N), Cr₂N (and mixture of these phases). The total SFE, dispersive SFE and polar SFE of CrN_x films decreased with increasing surface temperature. The film roughness has an obvious effect on the SFE and there is tendency for the SFE to increase with increasing film surface roughness.     

Codiameters of 3‐connected 3‐domination critical graphs

A graph G is 3‐domination critical if its domination number γ is 3 and the addition of any edge decreases γ by 1. Let G be a 3‐connected 3‐domination critical graph of order n. In this paper, we show that there is a path of length at least n?2 between any two distinct vertices in G and the lower bound is sharp. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 76–85, 2002     

Critical points in the Bragg glass phase of a weakly pinned crystal of Ca3Rh4Sn13

New experimental data are presented on the scan rate dependence of the magnetization hysteresis width ΔM(H) (∞ critical current densityJ _c(H)) in isothermalMH scans in a weakly pinned single crystal of Ca₃Rh₄Sn₁₃, which displays second magnetization peak (SMP) anomaly as distinct from the peak effect (PE). We observe an interesting modulation in the field dependence of a parameter which purports to measure the dynamical annealing of the disordered bundles of vortices injected through the sample edges towards the destined equilibrium vortex state at a givenH. These data, in conjunction with the earlier observations made while studying the thermomagnetic history dependence inJ _c(H) in the tracing of the minor hysteresis loops, imply that the partially disordered state heals towards the more ordered state between the peak field of the SMP anomaly and the onset field of the PE. The vortex phase diagram in the given crystal of Ca₃Rh₄Sn₁₃ has been updated in the context of the notion of the phase coexistence of the ordered and disordered regions between the onset field of the SMP anomaly and the spinodal line located just prior to the irreversibility line. A multi-critical point and a critical point in the (H,T) region of the Bragg glass phase have been marked in this phase diagram and the observed behavior is discussed in the light of recent data on multi-critical point in the vortex phase diagram in a single crystal of Nb.     

Propagation properties of vectorial elliptical Gaussian beams beyond the paraxial approximation

Starting from the vectorial Rayleigh diffraction integral formula and without using the far-field approximation, a solution of the wave equation beyond the paraxial approximation is found, which represents vectorial non-paraxial elliptical Gaussian beams in free space. The far-field expressions for non-paraxial Gaussian beams and elliptical Gaussian beams can be regarded as special cases treated in this paper. Some basic propagation properties of vectorial non-paraxial elliptical Gaussian beams, including the irradiance distribution, phase term, beam widths and divergence angles are studied. Numerical results are given and illustrated.     

Stability of bars made of linear elastic materials with voids

Summary Dynamic stability of an elastic bar with voids is considered. Using the Lyapunov approach some new sufficient stability conditions are obtained and explicit expressions for the critical load are derived.     

锥形光纤的偏振特性

随着光通信技术的不断发展，光纤的应用越来越广泛，而锥形光纤以其独特的传光方式越来越多地应用于光纤连接、成像及测量等领域。实验测定了不同锥角和不同长度锥形光纤的偏振特性。理论上，根据麦克斯韦方程组以及边界条件给出了光在理想光纤中的场分布，阐明了实际光纤中光的传输特性。论证了锥形光纤长度与其偏振特性的关系，进而利用几何光学方法对锥形光纤锥角与其偏振特性的关系作了定性说明。并用具体数据进行了定量计算，得出偏振光经锥形光纤传输或耦合后再传输到其终端所得到均是椭圆偏振光的结论。     

同步辐射小角x射线散射方法研究由城市固体垃圾制备的活性炭

应用同步辐射小角x射线散射方法研究了由不同城市固体垃圾制备而成的活性炭的孔结构-结果发现利用木类、纸张、塑料这三类典型垃圾组分的热解残余物为原料制备中孔发达的活性炭是可行的-活性炭的形态和结构取决于垃圾热解残余物的组分和热解程度等因素- 关键词： 小角x射线散射 活性炭 分形维数 平均孔径     

N[a,b]类中边界Nevanlinna-Pick插值(I)

用所谓的Hankel向量方法求解N[a,b]函数类中带边界插值数据的Nevanlina-Pick插值(BNP(N[a,b]))问题,并建立BNP(N[a,b])问题与[a,b]上的某种带约束条件的Hausdorff矩量问题之间等价的可解条件以及解之间明确的一一对应关系.这使得当BNP(N[a,b])问题有多解时,能通过带约束条件的矩量问题的可解性准则和解获得BNP(N[a,b])问题的可解性准则和解的参数化描述,而在唯一解的情况下,通过BNP(N[a,b])问题解的存在唯一性准则和唯一解来获得带约束条件的     

二维渗流中的最短开穿透

在二维边渗流模型中，设／ｒｎ／＝ｍｉｎ（／ｒ／：ｒ是正方形「０，ｎ」＾２的开穿透），这里／ｒ／表示ｒ的长度，本文证明了在上临界状态有ｌｉｍＥ／ｒｎ／／ｎ＝λ，在临界状态时，我们对Ｅ／ｎ／给出了上界，并对一个ｒｎｒｎ给出了Ｅ／ｒｎ／的下界。