Network theory of the nonlinear behaviour of polymer melts. Simple shear flow

Summary The network model developed in a previous paper is applied to the simple shear flow of polymer melts. The constitutive equation obtained consists of two terms. One of them describes the stress due to the network strands which exist at the onset of the deformation, dissociate during the deformation and result in a single integral constitutive equation with a strain dependent damping function. The formulation of the damping function in invariant form seems to be almost impossible.The second normal stress differenceN ₂ of the model is not zero,but has negative values. According to our model this is a consequence of the deformation dependence of the disentanglement process. The theory is compared with experimental data for a LDPE melt. It is found that the model explains the main features of the shear flow behaviour of the LDPE melt investigated preciously.

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Zusammenfassung Das Netzwerk-Modell, das in einer vorangegangenen Arbeit entwickelt wurde, wird für die einfache Scherströmung von Polymerschelzen angewendet. Die abgeleitete rheologische Zustandsgleichung besteht aus zwei Gliedern. Das erste beschreibt die Spannung-Dehnung-Beziehung der Kettensegmente, die zu Beginn der Deformation existieren und während der Deformation aufgelöst werden. Es hat die Form der einfachen Integralbeziehung mit einer Gedächtnisfunktion. Es ist kaum möglich, die dabei erhaltene Gedächtnisfunktion als Funktion der Invarianten der der Tensoren darzustellen. Die zweite Normal-SpannungsdifferenzN ₂ des Modells ist nicht Null und hat einen negativen Wert. Dies ist nach unserem Modell eine Folge der Deformationsabhängigkeit des Entschlaufungsprozesses. Die Theorie wird mit dem experimentellen Daten für eine LDPE-Schmelze verglichen, wobei sich zeigt, daß das Modell die wesentlichen Merkmale des Scherverhaltens der LDPE-Schmelze gut erklärt.

     

Kinetic theory of granular shear flow: Constitutive relations for the hard-disk model

A kinetic theory for the constitutive Theological relations of rapid granular shear flow of hard circular disks, characterized by a coefficient of restitutione and a surface roughness coefficient, is formulated. From a set of general constitutive equations for single-particle dynamical variables, the approximate expressions for the limit of small and large dimensionless dissipative parameterR _t are obtained. HereR _t is defined as the ratio /, where is the fluctuation of translational velocity from the mean flow velocity, is the diameter of a disk, and is the shear rate. At smallR _t the theoretical predictions can be compared with exact computer simulation results of granular dynamics that are also reported. The agreement between theory and simulation is better than expected; the present theory is accurate up to high packing density in this region ofR _t .     

Reply to comment on “On the controversy around Daganzo’s requiem for and Aw-Rascle’s resurrection of second-order traffic flow models” by H.M. Zhang

This contribution compares several different approaches allowing one to derive macroscopic traffic equation directly from microscopic car-following models. While it is shown that some conventional approaches lead to theoretical problems, it is proposed to use an approach reminding of smoothed particle hydrodynamics to avoid gradient expansions. The derivation circumvents approximations and, therefore, demonstrates the large range of validity of macroscopic traffic equations, without the need of averaging over many vehicles. It also gives an expression for the “traffic pressure”, which generalizes previously used formulas. Furthermore, the method avoids theoretical inconsistencies of macroscopic traffic models, which have been criticized in the past by Daganzo and others.     

Pulsierende Druckströmung hochpolymerer Schmelzen im kreisförmigen Kanal

Zusammenfassung Es werden theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen pulsierender Strömungen viskoelastischer Flüssigkeiten in einem kreisförmigen Kanal durchgeführt. Unter Voraussetzung einer eindimensionalen, isothermen und vollentwickelten Strömung in Anwesenheit sinusförmiger Druckgradientenschwankungen wird für die rheologische Zustandsgleichung von Bird-Carreau eine asymptotische Lösung erzielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß sowohl die relative Amplitude der Ausstoßschwankungen als auch die relative Änderung des mittleren Ausstoßes sich in einer allgemeinen Form darstellen läßt, die bezüglich der Temperatur und der relativen Amplitude der Druckgradientenschwankungen invariant ist. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden mit experimentellen Daten für ein Polyethylen niederer Dichte verglichen. Dabei wird eine gute Übereinstimmung der Theorie mit dem Experiment festgestellt.

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Theoretical and experimental studies were carried out on the pulsating flow of viscoelastic liquids through a circular channel. By assuming the flow to be one-dimensional, isothermal, and fully developed and the Bird-Carreau constitutive equation to be applicable, an asymptotic solution was found. The results obtained indicate that both the relative amplitude of pulsation of the output and the relative change in the average output may be presented in a generalized form that is independent of the relative amplitude of the pressure pulsations and temperature. The theoretical results were verified experimentally for a low-density polyethylene. Good agreement was found between the theory and the experimental data.

     

基于八面体理论的岩石循环加-卸载本构模型及修正

探究岩石的受力特点及破坏特性是研究岩石地下工程安全性的关键,诸多学者都期望能在岩石本构模型的研究上取得突破性进展。在此背景下,提出了一种能够描述循环加-卸载条件下岩石的本构模型。首先,假设岩石的微元强度服从八面体剪应力理论并且微元破坏服从Weibull概率公式,将岩石本构中的损伤变量以及岩石微元强度表达式里包含的损伤因子进行本构变换,得到关于应力、应变等其他表现加-卸载下岩石损伤本构模型的参数,表示出岩石微元强度和损伤变量,再将得到的岩石微元强度和损伤变量代入所提出的岩石本构模型中,并进行等式变换得到一个函数表达式。通过将其与实验数据进行拟合对比分析,得出修正后的拟合参数,将其代入函数式中,得到损伤本构模型的修正式。最后将拟合参数进行必要的敏感性分析,得出各拟合参数的实际物理意义。     

Research on nonlinear constitutive relationship of permanent deformation in asphalt pavements

To predict correctly the rut depths in asphalt pavements, a new nonlinear viscoelastic-elastoplastic constitutive model of permanent deformation in asphalt pavements is presented. The model combines a generalized Maxwell model with an elastoplastic one. Then from the creep theory, the linear and nonlinear constitutive equations of the generalized Maxwell model are obtained. From the nonlinear finite element method for the rutting of the asphalt pavement, the rut depths of 4 asphalt-aggregate mixtures are obtained. And the results are compared with the ones from the finite element method by SHRP and the experiments by SWK/UN. The results in this paper are better than the ones by SHRP, and agree with the ones of the experiment by SWK/UN. This shows that the nonlinear viscoelastic-elastoplastic constitutive model, which is presented in this paper for the rutting of the asphalt pavement, is effective. The properties, such as nonlinear elasticity, plasticity, viscoelasticity and nonlinear viscoelasticity, which affect the rutting of an asphalt pavement, can be shown in the model. And the characteristics of the permanent deformation of the asphalt pavement can be presented entirely in the model.     

周期性磁谐振材料本构参数的理论分析

将薄的磁谐振介质板等效为面磁流, 利用周期性边界条件, 给出了面磁流的指数形式. 通过计算无穷个面磁流在不同空间位置上产生的总电场和总磁场, 推导出了周期性磁谐振人工材料的色散关系和布洛赫阻抗, 进而获取了布洛赫本构参数的理论计算公式. 由于考虑了磁谐振人工材料中的电反谐振对布洛赫介电常数和磁导率的影响, 所以基于仿真实验的布洛赫本构参数的提取值和布洛赫本构参数理论预测值之间的误差很小, 这说明本文推导的布洛赫本构参数的理论计算公式在描述周期性磁谐振材料的电磁特性方面是十分有效的. 这些理论公式将在解释磁谐振现象、设计和优化周期性磁谐振材料等方面提供重要的理论依据. 关键词： 周期性结构 磁谐振 布洛赫本构参数 面磁流     

Modeling and simulation of mechanical properties of nano-particle filled materials

With the recent advances in nanoscale science and engineering, materials containing reinforcement with superior mechanical properties can be found in many advanced products. The accurate prediction of the mechanical properties of this class of composite materials is important to ensure the reliability of the products. Characterization methods based contact probe such as nano-indentation and scratch tests havebeen developed in recent years to measure the mechanical properties of the new class of nanomaterials. This paper presents a constitutive modeling framework for predicting the mechanical properties of nanoparticle reinforced composite materials. The formulation directly considers the effects of inter-nanoparticle interaction and performs a statistical averaging to the solution of the problem of two-nanoparticle interaction. Final constitutive equations are obtained in analytical closed form with no additional material parameters. The predictions from the proposed constitutive model are compared with experimental measurement from nano-indentation tests. This constitutive model for nanoparticle reinforced composites can be used to determine the volume concentration of the reinforcing nanoparticles in nano-indentation test.     

Theoretical vs. empirical classification and prediction of congested traffic states

Starting from the instability diagram of a traffic flow model, we derive conditions for the occurrence of congested traffic states, their appearance, their spreading in space and time, and the related increase in travel times. We discuss the terminology of traffic phases and give empirical evidence for the existence of a phase diagram of traffic states. In contrast to previously presented phase diagrams, it is shown that “widening synchronized patterns” are possible, if the maximum flow is located inside of a metastable density regime. Moreover, for various kinds of traffic models with different instability diagrams it is discussed, how the related phase diagrams are expected to approximately look like. Apart from this, it is pointed out that combinations of on- and off-ramps create different patterns than a single, isolated on-ramp.     

Fracture characteristics of concrete subjected to impact loading

This paper takes concrete as a four-phase composite made of the intact matrix and three mutually perpendicular groups of penny-shaped micro-cracks. The intact matrix is assumed to be elastic,homogeneous and isotropic,and the micro-cracks are penny-shaped. Combined with the failure mechanism of concrete subjected to impact loading,a dynamic constitutive model for concrete is developed based on Mori-Tanaka's average stress concept and Eshelby's equivalent inclusion theory. Experimental results show that concr...