Evolution and Trade-Off Dynamics of Functional Load

Functional load (FL) quantifies the contributions by phonological contrasts to distinctions made across the lexicon. Previous research has linked particularly low values of FL to sound change. Here, we broaden the scope of enquiry into FL to its evolution at higher values also. We apply phylogenetic methods to examine the diachronic evolution of FL across 90 languages of the Pama–Nyungan (PN) family of Australia. We find a high degree of phylogenetic signal in FL, indicating that FL values covary closely with genealogical structure across the family. Though phylogenetic signals have been reported for phonological structures, such as phonotactics, their detection in measures of phonological function is novel. We also find a significant, negative correlation between the FL of vowel length and of the following consonant—that is, a time-depth historical trade-off dynamic, which we relate to known allophony in modern PN languages and compensatory sound changes in their past. The findings reveal a historical dynamic, similar to transphonologization, which we characterize as a flow of contrastiveness between subsystems of the phonology. Recurring across a language family that spans a whole continent and many millennia of time depth, our findings provide one of the most compelling examples yet of Sapir’s ‘drift’ hypothesis of non-accidental parallel development in historically related languages.     

Scenario Reduction Algorithms in Stochastic Programming

We consider convex stochastic programs with an (approximate) initial probability distribution P having finite support supp P, i.e., finitely many scenarios. The behaviour of such stochastic programs is stable with respect to perturbations of P measured in terms of a Fortet-Mourier probability metric. The problem of optimal scenario reduction consists in determining a probability measure that is supported by a subset of supp P of prescribed cardinality and is closest to P in terms of such a probability metric. Two new versions of forward and backward type algorithms are presented for computing such optimally reduced probability measures approximately. Compared to earlier versions, the computational performance (accuracy, running time) of the new algorithms has been improved considerably. Numerical experience is reported for different instances of scenario trees with computable optimal lower bounds. The test examples also include a ternary scenario tree representing the weekly electrical load process in a power management model.     

Study of micro‐channel geometries for internally cooled Si monochromators

Rocking curves of micro‐channel (MC) water‐cooled monochromators are broadened by stresses introduced during fabrication and under X‐ray thermal load. This is a problem which will be even more serious with the rise of the fourth‐generation synchrotron sources, i.e. the free‐electron lasers. The X‐ray optics group at the Institute of Physics at the ASCR v.v.i. in Prague is designing, testing and, with company Polovodi?e a.s., fabricating novel internally water‐cooled Si monochromators. Here three new micro‐channel geometries are introduced which reduce rocking‐curve enlargement owing to the fabrication to less than 2.5 µrad (～0.5 arcsec). All three MC designs show less rocking‐curve enlargement and smoother topographic images. The designs also show better cooling efficiencies than the classical MC design in finite‐element analysis calculations.     

Structural response of stiffened plates in similitude under a turbulent boundary layer excitation

In structural dynamics, similitude laws usually deal with simple configurations as thin flat plates with point forces. Only recently, few papers have analyzed stiffened shells or stochastic pressure loads.This research activity extends the applicability of some similitude laws, developed for thin flat plates under a turbulent boundary layer load, to ribbed plates forced by the same wall pressure fluctuations.The work addresses the problem of designing a scaled experimental test-article and, successively, of re-modulating the measured data in order to get the structural response of an original (unscaled) configuration.Due to the complexity of the structural domain, the design of a scaled configuration leads to a distorted similitude. Then, a simple approach, to circumvent the distortion effects, is proposed.     

Optimal weighting scheme and the role of coupling strength against load failures in degree-based weighted interdependent networks

The optimal weighting scheme and the role of coupling strength against load failures on symmetrically and asymmetrically coupled interdependent networks were investigated. The degree-based weighting scheme was extended to interdependent networks, with the flow dynamics dominated by global redistribution based on weighted betweenness centrality. Through contingency analysis of one-node removal, we demonstrated that there still exists an optimal weighting parameter on interdependent networks, but it might shift as compared to the case in isolated networks because of the break of symmetry. And it will be easier for the symmetrically and asymmetrically coupled interdependent networks to achieve robustness and better cost configuration against the one-node-removal-induced cascade of load failures when coupling strength was weaker. Our findings might have great generality for characterizing load-failure-induced cascading dynamics in real-world degree-based weighted interdependent networks.     

An integral approach for large deflection cantilever beams

A new integral approach is proposed to solve the large deflection cantilever beam problems. By using the moment integral treatment, this approach can be applied to problems of complex load and varying beam properties. This versatile approach generally requires only simple numerical techniques thus is easy for application. Treatment for typical loading and beam property conditions are presented to demonstrate the capability of this approach.     

划痕试验法对特殊薄膜系结合力的检测与评价

简要介绍了划痕试验法测量表面薄膜与基体结合力的测试原理和实验方法，讨论了影响临界载荷Lc测量值准确性的主要因素，通过对薄膜系的分类以及大量实际测量数据的总结和分析，认为被测薄膜以及基体的物理化学特性对临界载荷的测量具有重要的影响，单纯从声发射信号的变化来确定临界载荷的方法有可能存在较大误差，分析和讨论了某些特殊薄膜系的声发射信号与其实际临界载荷值之间存在较大偏差的现象和原因，并提出了针对不同膜系，合理利用声发射曲线，摩擦力斜率以及显微观测来正确判定临界载荷的必要性。     

活性炭负载纳米TiO_2光催化降解甲醛废水研究

甲醛对人和温血动物的毒性很强,如果人类长期饮用被甲醛污染的水源,会引发头昏、贫血以及各种神经系统疾病.为此,研究学者对甲醛废水的处理进行了很多的试验研究.目前处理甲醛废水的主要方法有:芬顿法、光催化氧化法、湿式氧化处理等高级氧化技术,二氧化氯法,蒸汽吹脱法,氧化吸附法,SBR工艺等.     

GEOENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERS OF YELLOW (HUANGHE) RIVER SUSPENDED LOAD

Three important characters of the suspended load of the Yellow (Huanghe) River are discussed, i.e. its temporal fluctuation as a function of solar activity, its uneven spatial distribution along the main course and the inevitability of these phenomena as a natural earth process rather than a result of disturbed ecological system caused by human activity. Implications of this understanding with regard to the control of the Yellow River are also discussed.     

Radial sample load distribution under overload conditions: Analytical scale columns

The homogeneity of the sample load across the radial cross section of analytical scale columns was determined when operating under overload conditions. The study was performed using active flow technology columns operating in parallel segmentation mode. The outlet segmentation ratio was varied to enable different volume fractions of mobile phase, and thus sample, to elute from the peripheral and central flow regions of the column. The amount of solute exiting the peripheral and radial central exit ports was determined as a function of the flow segmentation ratio. The experimental data using an analytical scale column with dimensions, 100?×?4.6?mm, indicated that the sample load distribution was essentially uniform as a function of the column radial cross section.