Determination of principal characteristics of turbulent swirling flow along annuli: Part1: Measurement of time mean parameters

Turbulent swirling flows along the annulus formed between two concentric stationary cylinders have been studied. Hot-wire anemometry was used to detect radial variations of velocity components and the data presented in Part 1 of the investigation describes time mean measurements. Pressure measurements along the length of the outer, concave, cylindrical surface were obtained from wall tappings attached to a pressure transducer. Flow visualization using tufts indicated general swirl decay phenomena and these have been confirmed by the traverse data. The swirl flow rig was designed to incorporate suction systems to remove boundary layers from all walls preceding the test section. In this way the essentially free vortex generated by a circumferentially disposed set of guide vanes in the inlet bellmouth of the apparatus could be efficiently transferred to the test section entry region. This feature has not been incorporated by other workers and so their reported results depend on the upstream boundary layer flow, making correlation of data difficult. The data shown in this paper indicate the complex nature of swirling flow development in an annulus although it is not yet possible to be precise about the initial phases     

Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids flowing in a horizontal concentric annulus

Direct contact heat transfer between water and a heat transfer oil was investigated under non-boiling conditions in co-current turbulent flow through a horizontal concentric annulus. The ratio of the inner pipe diameter to the outer pipe diameter (aspect ratio) κ = 0.730−0.816; total liquid velocity (mixture velocity) V_T = 0.42−1.1 m/s; inlet oil temperature T_oi = 38−94°C; oil volume fraction in the flowing mixture φ_o = 0.25−0.75 were varied and their effects on the overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient U_v were determined at constant interfacial tension of 48 dynes/cm.

It was found that, in each concentric pipe set, the overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing dispersed phase volume fraction at each constant mixture velocity and reached a maximum at around φ_o = φ_w ≈ 0.5. The maximum U_v values increased with increasing total liquid velocity and decreasing aspect ratio of the annulus. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increasing inlet oil temperature and increasing total liquid velocity but to decrease with length along the test section keeping all other parameters constant. Empirical expressions for the volumetric heat transfer coefficient were obtained within the ranges of the experimental parameters.     

Measurements of pulsating and oscillating flows of non-Newtonian fluids through concentric and eccentric cylinders

The unsteady flow of non-Newtonian fluids through concentric and eccentric cylinders was investigated experimentally. Two experiments were carried out; one was pulsating flow and the other was flow under a constant pressure gradient with the inner cylinder oscillating longitudinally. The flow enhancement was examined and its dependence on the frequency of the oscillations and the eccentricity of the apparatus was determined.     

高功率回旋振荡管Denisov型辐射器的研究

研究了一种用于高功率回旋振荡管准光模式变换系统的高效率Denisov型辐射器. 基于Bessel函数的积分展开及几何光学理论,系统地分析了圆波导中电磁波的传播过程及Denisov型辐射器降低衍射损耗的机理;分析了在圆波导内壁上工作模式与耦合模式叠加形成准高斯型场分布的过程. 从Bessel函数导数的本征值出发,给出了不同工作模式在Denisov型辐射器预聚束波导段选择目标耦合模式的一种普适方法,同时给出了Denisov型辐射器的设计方法. 依据上述理论分析编写了计算程序,并对一支140 GHz,工作模式为TE_28,8,1 MW长脉冲回旋振荡管进行了对比验证,计算结果与文献报道的结果具有很好的一致性. 关键词： 回旋管 准光辐射器 耦合模理论 模式变换     

Molecular‐Curvature‐Induced Spontaneous Formation of Curved and Concentric Lamellae through Nucleation

Spontaneous formation of concentric lamellae was observed in self‐assembling giant surfactants consisting of a fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS) head and flexible polymer tail(s). Owing to the asymmetrical sizes of the head and tail blocks and the rectangular molecular interface, the giant surfactants assumed a truncated‐wedge‐like molecular shape, which induced morphological curvature during self‐assembly, thus resulting in the formation of curved and concentric lamellae. These curved/concentric lamellae were observed in FPOSS‐based giant surfactants with different architectures and compositions. The spontaneous curvature formation not only promotes our fundamental understanding of assembly principles, but also provides a promising and efficient approach to the fabrication of a wide range of high‐performance devices.     

Influence of nebulizer design and aerosol impact bead on analytical sensitivities of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The characteristics of the aerosols generated by pneumatic concentric nebulizers as well as sensitivities were studied in ICP-MS with a total of 26 nebulizers: 17 of the A-type, 6 of the C-type, and 3 of the K-type. Although of the same design, discrepancies in sensitivity were observed among the A1-30 type nebulizers. Free delivery rate, relation between the median of the volume drop size distribution, D₅₀, and the capillary i.d., effect of the nebulizer gas exit cross sectional area on D₅₀, energy transfer efficiency from the gas to the liquid stream and spatial homogeneity within the aerosol cones were studied. For a given nebulizer design, the gas exit cross-sectional area has shown to critically influence the aerosol characteristics. The aerosol generation mechanism has been explored and it has been concluded that, for A-type nebulizers the nebulization is more efficient than for C and K-type ones. The spray chamber design has also a marked effect on the results according to the particular nebulizer used. It has been observed that sample capillary was not perfectly centered with regard to the gas exit bore for several nebulizers. In order to minimize the problems associated with this bad alignment (i.e., different sensitivity depending on the nebulizer), spray chambers equipped with impact beads may be used, but to the detriment of the sensitivity.     

两电极静电同心球系统的近轴电子光学及其空间-时间像差

将从近轴解出发研究两电极静电同心球系统的空-时轨迹及其像差.由近轴轨迹方程和近轴运动方程出发,先求解两电极静电同心球系统中自光阴极逸出的运动电子的近轴空间-时间轨迹,然后讨论此系统的静动态电子光学及其空间-时间像差,揭示近轴光学系统成像的一般规律.文中定义和推导了各级近轴空间像差和近轴时间像差,得到了与关于近轴空间-时间像差同样的结论,表明完全可以直接由近轴轨迹方程和近轴运动方程出发来研究理想成像及其空间-时间像差.     

移动特征靶标的摄像机径向畸变标定

针对成像测量系统中镜头径向畸变影响测量精度的问题,提出了一种基于物面移动同心圆特征靶标的径向畸变标定方法。该方法先将固定在二维精密平台上的同心圆靶标置于垂直物面的特定位置,然后采集靶标图像,同时用最小二乘法以拟合得到的圆直径为条件,按一定方式移动特征靶标,直到拟合值达到极值或者在一定误差范围内。记录该幅图像,则其拟合得到的圆心坐标便是畸变中心,同时利用该幅图像,根据等差值半径和摄像机成像模型的半径的成像关系求出其畸变多项式系数。为提高特征靶标的移动效率,提出了坐标轮换最优化移动的方案。实验结果表明,该方法对畸变中心的标定精度可达0.6pixel,畸变多项式系数有效数字重复误差小于0.02,并可实现两者的一靶标定,且利用该法获得的参数能实现对畸变图像的准确校正。     

基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉标定

分析了双目视觉传感器的数学模型,提出了一种基于同心圆合成图像匹配的双目视觉传感器的标定方法。在测量范围内任意多次摆放同心圆靶标,由两台摄像机拍摄靶标图像。根据摄像机模型与已知同心圆在靶标坐标系上的位置关系,构造合成图像,将合成图像与观测图像进行相似度匹配,通过优化定位得到靶标上每个圆的圆心点图像坐标。利用左右图像对应的圆心图像坐标和双目视觉的约束关系,对双目视觉传感器参数进行非线性优化,并得到最优解。所提出的标定方法是在张正友方法的理论基础上,利用了图像的整体性进行的优化。实验结果表明,该方法提高了标定精度。     

Second-order finite difference solutions for the flow between rotating concentric spheres

This paper describes a second-order method to calculate approximate solutions to flow of viscous incompressible fluid between rotating concentric spheres. The governing partial differential equations are presented in the stream–vorticity formulation and are written as a series of second-order equations. The technique employed makes use of second-order approximations for all terms in the governing equations and is dependent upon the direction of flow at a given point. This upwind technique has allowed us to generate approximate solutions with larger Reynolds numbers than has generally been possible for second and higher-order techniques. Solutions have been obtained with Reynolds numbers as large as 3000 and with grids as fine as a 40 × 40 mesh. Results are displayed in the form of level curves for both the stream and vorticity functions. A dimensionless quantity related to the torque acting on both spheres has been calculated from the approximate solution and compared with other results. Results with smaller Reynolds numbers such as 100 and 1000 are in excellent agreement with other published results.