Characterization of a spark discharge for dust cloud ignition

Spark discharges are widely used to ignite flammable gases, liquids, or dust. For a better understanding of the interaction between the spark discharge and the ignited media (gas, liquid, or dust), it is necessary to measure some key parameters of the spark, especially the space‐time variation of its temperature. Determination of temperature gradients would allow a more precise and realistic simulation of the ignition process. In fact, electrons and particles in the discharge zone get their energy with increasing temperature before interacting with particles of the media to ignite the flame. In this study, optical emission spectroscopy of the spark discharge between two tungsten electrodes was performed. Assuming excitation balance between the WI lines, a Boltzmann plot after an Abel inversion gives the excitation temperature and its space‐time variation. For a 100‐μs time discharge, at 80‐μs delay, we measured 7,000 K at the centre of the column zone, 4,100 K at the centre of the cathode zone, and 3,600 K at the centre of the anode zone. Assuming a singly ionized tungsten plasma and excitation equilibrium, we used also the Saha–Boltzmann equation to calculate the plasma composition. The electron density at the column zone was about 3 × 10¹⁷ cm^?3, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the rest of the spark.     

Effect of ion mean free path length on plasma polarization behind a dust particle in an external electric field

In this paper, a self‐consistent numerical model that describes the behavior of plasma around an isolated, highly charged dust particle is presented. Using the developed model, self‐consistent distributions of the space charge density and plasma potential in the presence of an external electric field are obtained. These distributions are thoroughly analysed though Legendre decomposition. For different dust plasma parameters, such as the radius of the dust particle, the amplitude of the external field, and the mean free path of ions, the dipole moment of the ion cloud surrounding the dust particle is calculated. It turns out that the dependencies of the dipole moment on the value of the external electric field obtained for different parameters are reduced to a single curve by simple scaling.     

共轭效应的本质及其在有机反应中的特殊性

共轭效应是有机化学中特别重要的电子效应之一,存在于共轭体系之中;大学有机化学教学目标要求学生掌握并能熟练应用共轭效应理论解决有机化学中的实际问题。由于共轭效应涉及微观认知,学生普遍感觉不易理解。但作为教学重点与难点,又必须掌握;同时也是学生大学毕业后继续深造学习所必须的基础理论知识,理解、掌握并能熟练应用该理论知识解决有机化学中的学习问题显得尤为重要。本文采用密度泛函理论方法计算并给出了3个二烯烃分子轨道中最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)、最低空分子轨道(LUMO)结构图,揭示了共轭体系内部因存在电荷转移现象而产生电子云的平均化本质,表现在键参数中的键长平均化变化。     

An Artificial Boundary Condition for the Vortex Movements in Two Dimensions

1 Motion of vortices and cloud in cell method The motion of incompressible inviscid ?ow in two dimensions can be described by the equations ?u ?t (u ?) ρ1 ?P = f (1) ?u = 0 , (2) where u = (u, v), ρ, P , and f = (f1, f2) denote ?uid velocity, densit…     

有机锡化合物的光电子能谱（XPS）和质谱（MS）研究Ⅱ

本文报道了７种新合成的（Ｚ）－１－（２－（三芳基锡）乙烯基）－１－环庚醇有机锡化合物的ＸＰＳ和ＭＳ结果，通过ＸＰＳ讨论了化合物中不同取代基的存在，对锡内层电子的影响及取在对Ｏｈ结合能化学位移的作用，结果表明，卤素在这里起着得要的作用，通过ＭＳ和ＸＰＳ讨论了不同取代基对Ｏ→Ｓｎ键的影响。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪遥感污染云团红外光谱的计算机仿真

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIS）实测背景数据,建立污染云团红外光谱的计算机仿真模型。给出（CH3）2CHO（CH3）FPO与（CLCH2CH2）2S两种污染云团红外光谱的仿真结果。模拟剂实验结果与仿真结果对比表明：模型仿真污染云图红外光谱是可行的。     

A fast infrared radiative transfer model for overlapping clouds

A fast infrared radiative transfer model (FIRTM2) appropriate for application to both single-layered and overlapping cloud situations is developed for simulating the outgoing infrared spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In FIRTM2 a pre-computed library of cloud reflectance and transmittance values is employed to account for one or two cloud layers, whereas the background atmospheric optical thickness due to gaseous absorption can be computed from a clear-sky radiative transfer model. FIRTM2 is applicable to three atmospheric conditions: (1) clear-sky, (2) single-layered ice or water cloud, and (3) two simultaneous cloud layers in a column (e.g., ice cloud overlying water cloud). Moreover, FIRTM2 outputs the derivatives (i.e., Jacobians) of the TOA brightness temperature with respect to cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out to assess the performance of FIRTM2 for two spectral regions, namely the longwave (LW) band (587.3-1179.5 cm⁻¹) and the short-to-medium wave (SMW) band (1180.1-2228.9 cm⁻¹). The assessment is carried out in terms of brightness temperature differences (BTD) between FIRTM2 and the well-known discrete ordinates radiative transfer model (DISORT), henceforth referred to as BTD (F−D). The BTD (F−D) values for single-layered clouds are generally less than 0.8 K. For the case of two cloud layers (specifically ice cloud over water cloud), the BTD (F−D) values are also generally less than 0.8 K except for the SMW band for the case of a very high altitude (>15 km) cloud comprised of small ice particles. Note that for clear-sky atmospheres, FIRTM2 reduces to the clear-sky radiative transfer model that is incorporated into FIRTM2, and the errors in this case are essentially those of the clear-sky radiative transfer model.     

居民出行分布中的电子云现象

研究发现，居民出行分布的概率密度曲线与氢原子基态电子在核外出现的概率密度曲线极为相似，运用量子力学中的电子云分布模型可以很好地解释居民出行分布特性，根据氢原子中电子的径向概率密度函数建立了模拟电子云居民出行分布模型.利用长春市和旧金山地区的抽样调查数据对模型进行了验证.在此基础上，进一步建立了实用模型，并结合实例给出了模型标定方法和过程.该模型可在城市规划和城市交通规划中定量描述居民出行分布状态. 关键词： 科学与社会 自组织系统 电子云 出行分布     

开放授权协议在云学习中的应用研究

云学习如今已经成为现代教育技术发展的一个重要方向,一个依托于云计算技术而设计的网络教学平台将成为网络教学顺利开展的重要基础.在整个网络教学平台中,账户管理是一个网络平台正常运行的基础,这其中又以用户注册和登录最为重要.所介绍的开放授权协议即针对传统账户管理模式的不便提供了新的思路文章中首先简要介绍了OpenID与OAuth两种账户管理模式的发展历程,并对这两种用户管理模式进行比较,然后重.点介绍开放授权协议模式下网络平台搭建的思路和方式.最后,以一个微博教学平台为例,介绍了基于开放授权协议的微博教学平台搭建的过程.