岩爆的压缩流体包裹体膨胀力源假说

岩爆是地下工程中的一种奇异力学破坏现象. 开挖后的围岩块石突然、猛烈地向开挖空间弹射、抛掷和喷出. 它具局部性、突发性、隐蔽性、滞后性、无前兆性、高初速度和高冲击动能. 岩爆常常导致深部岩石工程重大人员伤亡和经济损失. 虽然人们对岩爆做了大量研究, 岩爆的成因机理依然是公认的"国际岩石力学领域的世界性难题". 本文指出、分析、论证了造成这个"世界性难题" 的原因是, 国际岩石力学领域忽略了连续完整岩石中微小流体包裹体的存在和异常作用. 本文进一步提出、分析和论证了封闭在完整岩石中的微细流体包裹体可能处于被压缩状态, 能够拥有高压强, 能够造成完整岩石内部的局部异常高地应力场. 岩石开挖可导致封闭在岩石内部的众多微细高压缩流体包裹体重新随时间而渗流、移动和相变, 再造成局部完整脆性围岩的岩爆. 对岩石流体包裹体的力学研究能让我们破解世界性岩爆难题.     

Estimating the tensile strength of super hard brittle materials using truncated spheroidal specimens

New approaches need to be introduced to measure the tensile capacity of super hard materials since the standard methods are not effective. To pursue this objective, a series of laboratory tests were constructed to replicate the fracture mechanism of diamond-based materials. Experiments indicate that under a certain compressive test condition, stresses normal to the axisymmetric line in truncated spheroidal specimens (bullet-shaped specimens) are in tension contributing to the tensile fracture of the material. From experimental and numerical studies, it is concluded that semi-prolate spheroidal specimens can be used to determine precisely the tensile strength of brittle stiff diamond-like composites.     

319国道重庆段裸洞隧道灰岩力学特性试验研究

裸洞隧道在长期使用过程中,围岩遭受风化、地下水及区域地应力等不利因素的作用,导致岩体性质恶化,影响隧道的正常使用。在调研统计的基础上,选取319国道重庆至武隆段大溪河裸洞隧道为研究对象,对其表层及深层灰岩进行了室内单轴压缩、三轴压缩力学特性试验并对单轴压缩作用下的声发射特性进行了研究。结果表明:单轴压缩作用下两种岩样均出现脆性破坏特征,三轴压缩条件下,两种岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,声发射可较好地表征岩石单轴压缩破坏过程;获得了两种岩样的基本力学参数,深层岩样强度为表层岩样强度的2.13倍,弹性模量、泊松比、内聚力、内摩擦角分别是表层岩样的1.04倍,0.63倍,1.45倍,1.37倍。研究结果可为该地区裸洞隧道的长期安全性与稳定性提供有益的理论支撑。     

单轴压缩条件下破裂岩样声发射及能耗特性试验研究

为揭示岩石变形破裂的内在机理及正确评价工程破裂岩体的特性,本文对破裂岩石再破裂过程声发射、能耗特性进行了综合研究。借助MTS伺服试验机及AE21C声发射检测仪,对破裂岩样进行了单轴压缩条件下再破裂过程中的声发射及能耗特性实验研究。研究结果表明:破裂岩样声发射事件-时间曲线主要属于峰前阶段加速增长型,其声发射事件-时间曲线大致可分为声发射初始发展、剧烈、降低三个阶段;在整个压缩破裂过程中,声发射活跃程度总体上大于相对完整岩样;峰值点是声发射特征、能耗特征的转折点;岩样变形破裂过程中,声发射与能耗指标之间存在内在的、必然联系;随着破裂程度的提高,破裂岩样峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量均逐步降低;破裂岩样表面破裂面分布分形维数同峰值点吸收能量与峰前段耗散能量之间总体上均遵循非线性的二次多项式函数关系。     

隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展1）

作为隧道及地下工程学科的3个基本问题,隧道围岩稳定性、支护--围岩相互作用和结构体系的动力响应一直都是本学科研究的核心问题,本文围绕上述问题重点分析了隧道围岩力学特性及其载荷效应,建立了深浅层围岩结构力学模型,并通过分析深层围岩中结构层稳定性得到了围岩特性曲线的解析公式,提出了围岩结构性特点及载荷效应的计算方法;通过对隧道支护与围岩作用关系的分析,将支护与围岩的动态作用分为4个阶段：即自由变形、超前支护、初期支护和二次衬砌阶段.由此提出了动态作用全过程的描述方法;基于广义与狭义载荷的理念,提出隧道支护具有调动和协助围岩承载基本功能的观点,明确了两种功能的实现方式,即通过围岩加固、超前加固及锚杆支护实现调动围岩承载,通过支护结构协助围岩承载;针对复杂的隧道支护结构体系,提出了多目标、分阶段协同作用动态优化概念,可使各种支护结构的施作实现时间和空间上的协调,提高可靠性;针对极不稳定的复杂隧道围岩的安全性特点,建立了3种模式的安全事故机理模型,基于工程响应特点提出了安全性分级的新理念,并形成了分级指标体系和分级方法;针对水下隧道及富水围岩条件,建立了3种模式的隧道突涌水机理模型,提出了基于围岩变形控制的安全性控制理论和方法.最后,对本学科发展的热点和核心问题进行了分析和展望.     

不同加载速度下脆性颗粒的破坏特性

对直径为8mm的K9玻璃球进行了加载速度为2×10-7和2×10-6m/s的准静态单轴压缩实验以及加载速度为3.4、7.1和10.6m/s的动态单轴压缩实验,研究了K9玻璃单颗粒破碎强度的Weibull分布特性,结合破碎产物的形貌特征,分析了不同加载速度下脆性材料拉伸破坏机制和剪切破坏机制的转变过程,提出了一种拉剪耦合的时序破坏模型,由此揭示了加载速度与3个破坏区的关系。考虑拉伸和剪切失效准则,应用ABAQUS软件进行数值模拟,并初步验证了该破坏模型的冲击过程。研究结果对于认识脆性颗粒材料的动态破坏具有很好的参考意义。     

ROCKBURSTING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF ROCK MASS

This paper is concerned with the rockbursting characteristics and the structural effectsof the rock masses in the diversion tunnel of Tianshengqiao Hydropower Station. The control-ling effect of rock mass structure on the occurrence and intensity of the rockburst is demon-strated. At the same time the theory of rock mass structural effect on rockbursting has beenadvanced with rock mechanical tests carried out by the author. It laid the foundation of thecorrect selection of the underground project sites where occurs no rockburst, and it also laidthe foundation of adjusting the tunnel axes to reduce the rockburst intensity and predictingthe rockburst under the construction of underground projects.     

A fracture damage model for Jointed rock masses and its application to the stability analysis of dam abutments

Based on continuum damage mechanics, for jointed rock masses, a fracture damage model is presented in this paper. First, the damage tensors are defined through the elastic-flexibility of intact rock and the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility for rock mass. Then, by the self-consistent principle of solid mechanics, the equivalent elastic-damage flexibility tensors involving the interaction between multicracks are deduced. The damage evolution law is proposed involving the mechanism of crack propagation process: frictional sliding, crack kinking, growing of branched tension cracks, interlinking of the microcracks near branched crack tips leading to the breakthrough of macro-cracks and finally the failure of rock mass. Thus the evolution of damage variables reasonably unified with the process of crack propagation is given. Finally, a plastic-brittle damage constitutive relation including brittle coupled strain rate, developed and applied to the stability analysis of complicated rock foundation of a dam in China, is described in this paper.     

Simulation of spallation in brittle solids

A new model of dynamic fracture for brittle materials based on Perzyna's[1] idea and Seaman's experimental results[2] is developed. Numerical simulations of metal uranium[3] spalling process in its impact tests are carried out with the model. Fair agreement between the computation and experimental data has been obtained.     

聚能药包爆炸切割原理及其试验研究

本文将聚能装药结构的爆炸聚能原理应用于石材矿山的切割开采之中,首先分析了聚能药包爆炸作用对石材的切割原理,其中,着重研究了炮孔壁上的聚能开裂和裂缝扩展以及贯通的物理过程,推导了裂缝形成过程中各个阶段的力学条件;然后,将聚能切割原理应用于大理石的切割爆破之中,并对现场切割爆破效果和影响聚能效应的因素进行了分析讨论,试验研究表明,文中所得的结论与现场试验的结果相吻合。