Formulations of the three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis method

This paper extends the original 2D discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method proposed by Shi to 3D cases, and presents the formulations of the 3D DDA. The formulations maintain the characteristics of the original 2D DDA approach. Contacts between the blocks are detected by using Common-Plane (C-P) approach and the non-smooth contact, such as of vertex-to-vertex, vertex-to-edge and edge-to-edge types, can be handled easily based on the C-P method. The matrices of equilibrium equations have been given in detail for programming purposes. TheC program codes for the 3D DDA are developed. The ability and accuracy of the formulations and the program are verified by the analytical solutions of several dynamic examples. The robustness and versatility of the algorithms presented in this paper are demonstrated with the aid of an example of scattering of densely packed cubes. Finally, implications and future extensions are discussed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50139010)     

阿尔泰山地区微量元素分布特征对岩石建造含矿性的指示意义

对阿尔泰山地区微量元素在不同的岩石建造的平均丰度数据进行了统计和相关分系，揭示了金和微量元素分布特征的关系，对不同岩石建造中的微量元素分布特征进行了总结．得出了关于岩石建造含矿性与金成矿的结论：Cr、Ni,W、Sn,Li、Be等一系列元素与某些特定的岩石建造有联系．含有金的岩石建造与基一超基性岩关系密切．     

Brittle–ductile transition of polypropylene/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer blends induced by size,temperature, and time

To study the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) blends induced by size, temperature, and time, the toughness of the PP/EPDM blends was investigated over wide ranges of EPDM content, temperature, and strain rate. The toughness of the blends was determined from the tensile fracture energy of the side‐edge notched samples. The concept of interparticle distance (ID) was introduced into this study to probe the size effect on the BDT of PP/EPDM blends, whereas the effect of time corresponded to that of strain rate. The BDT induced by size, temperature, and time was observed in the fracture energy versus ID, temperature, and strain rate. The critical BDT temperatures for various EPDM contents at different initial strain rates were obtained from these transitions. The critical interparticle distance (ID_c) increased nonlinearly with increasing temperature, and when the initial strain rate was lower, the ID_c was larger. Moreover, the variation of the reciprocal of the initial strain rate with the reciprocal of temperature followed different straight lines for various EPDM contents. These straight lines were with the same slope. Furthermore, a diagram at critical BDT points in three dimensions (ID, T, and initial strain rate) was given for the PP/EPDM blends. The brittle and ductile zones are clearly shown in this diagram. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1433–1440, 2004     

Hydraulic Pumping Tests in Very Deep Boreholes in Rock. Theory of Pressure Oscillations Induced by Elasticity and Inertia of the Test Equipment

In geohydraulic the hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity of rock are measured by means of pumping tests with double packer conductivity meters in boreholes. If the borehole is very deep the measured pressure and flux oscillate. The oscillations, which are caused by the inertia and elasticity of the equipment, make conventional evaluation of conductivity difficult. A theoretical analysis including the inertia and elasticity is derived and the coupled partial differential equations are solved in closed form. The conclusion is that the oscillations can be used for determining the conductivity and the diffusivity of the rock. The analysis also shows that the complete analysis including the oscillations makes the flux reach steady state faster than conventional analysis predicts.     

煤岩体压裂分形损伤突变演化模型的研究及应用

煤岩与其他普通岩石的力学性能明显不同.为了描述煤岩体压裂岩体突变形成裂缝以及裂缝的扩展问题,基于突变理论定义了损伤变量,并建立了岩体突变过程的能量释放计算模型.基于能量守恒原理,建立了突变后微裂缝扩展的能量方程.通过对黑龙江省鸡西煤矿张晨矿区西三采区3#层右六巷区块煤样在不同压裂阶段缝内流体净压力和微裂缝扩展规律的观察分析,得到由于岩体物性参数不同,微裂缝开始破裂的时间不同,为后续裂缝演化内在混沌特征的研究提供了依据.     

The Wettability Alteration and the Effect of Initial Rock Wettability on Oil Recovery in Surfactant-based Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes

Wettablity alteration of rock surface is an important mechanism for surfactant-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Two salt and temperature-tolerant surfactant formulations were developed based on the conditions of high temperature (97–120°C) and high salinity (20 × 10⁴ mg/L) reservoirs where a surfactant-based EOR process is attempted. Both the two sufactant formulations can achieve ultralow interfacial tension level (≤10^?3 mN/m) with crude oil after aging for 125 days at reservoir conditions. Wettability alteration of core slices induced by the two surfactant formulations was evalutated by measuring contact angles. Core flooding experiments were carried out to study the influence of initial rock wettabilities on oil recovery in the crude oil/surfactant/formation water/rock system. The results indicated that the two formulations could turn oil-wet core slices into water-wet at 90–120°C and 20 × 10⁴ mg/L salinity, while the water-wet core slices retained their hydrophilic nature. The core flooding experiments showed that the water-wet cores could yield higher oil recovery compared with the oil-wet cores in water flooding, surfactant, and subsequent water flooding process. The two surfactant formulations could successfully yield additional oil recovery in both oil-wet and water-wet cores.     

基于高光谱特征吸收峰的煤岩识别方法

煤炭是我国重要的自然资源,在工业和国民经济发展上起到重要的作用。在井下开采过程中,传统的人工识别煤岩界面采煤机切割煤岩效率较为低下,识别准确度较差,存在较多不确定因素。“无人化”逐渐成为未来井下开采的技术发展趋势。实现无人开采首先需要准确高效的确定煤岩界面,煤岩识别的算法将成为无人化设备的“大脑”。高光谱是近年来发展迅速的一种新兴的技术,在物质识别、分类中具有广泛的应用之处。以高光谱作为煤岩识别的技术手段,采集煤岩高光谱数据,通过对高光谱特征波段的提取来设计算法实现煤岩的识别。煤岩识别是基于煤岩组分的不同,建立在对煤岩的物质构成属性特征上的。煤与岩石元素组分中Al元素的存在形式不同,煤样中的Al元素的存在形式为Al₂O₃,而岩样中Al元素的存在形式为Al(OH)₃。Al-OH的晶格的振动使得其在2 130～2 250 nm波段产生强吸收峰,Al₂O₃在此波段间不具有强吸收峰,因此以2 130～2 250 nm作为光谱波段设计算法。以淮南地区矿区为研究区,在多个矿区进行采样,获取焦煤、气煤、瘦煤等煤样23组;获取底板泥岩、砂岩、页岩等岩样25组。对样品进行研磨处理后使用美国ASD公司生产的FieldSpec4光谱仪,采集煤与岩石样本350～2 500 nm间的反射光谱,通过预处理之后使用连续统去除法、一阶微分法、二阶微分法和SCA-SID模型法对煤岩特征波段2 130～2 250 nm进行特征提取,将提取到的特征向量用随机森林和SVM算法进行训练并将模型应用在测试集上进行分类。最终,测试集上的表现良好,整体识别率较高,一阶微分和连续统去除法的识别为83.3%,Kappa系数分别为0.66和0.68。二阶微分法和SCA-SID模型法的识别率都在90%以上,Kappa系数均为0.83。从模型的时间复杂度和空间复杂上来说,二阶微分法较SCA-SID模型法更具有高效性和可靠性。这些识别的方法为实际工程中井下自动化煤岩识别技术提供了应用参考。     

低化学稳定性复杂组分含磷铝硅酸盐玻璃体结构——含磷铝硅酸盐玻璃体结构模型与肥料开发

基于玻璃体无规则网络学说,建立了包含P2O5,K2O,CaO,MgO,SiO2,Fe2O3,FeO,Al2O3,B2O3,MnO,CuO,ZnO,NiO,MoO2,CoO和TiO2低化学稳定性复杂组分的玻璃体结构模型,推导出扩展的玻璃结构因子(Ob/Yb)ex及其计算式.对高效利用低品位磷矿、磷矿选矿尾矿、难溶性钾矿和低品位磷钾矿制造能为农作物吸收的玻璃体肥料具有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

The measurement of saturated rock electrical conductivity at lower crustal temperatures and high pressures

Abstract

A method has been developed to measure the electrical conductivity of electrolyte saturated rocks under simulated lower crustal temperatures and pressures. The method uses a metal sleeved sample, and a guard-ring electrode system has been used to minimise leakage currents through the sleeve. Seals were developed to mate the metallic and ceramic parts of the cell.     

测井曲线盒维数在松辽盆地火山岩岩性识别中的应用

大庆徐家围地区火山岩地层天然气储量丰富,不同类型火山岩之间抗钻特性差别较大,为此有必要确定该地区深层火山岩岩性分布规律和物理特性.本文利用分形几何理论,从测井资料的自相似性出发,提出利用测井资料盒维数了解火山岩岩性分布的方法.在此基础上,运用窗口技术,计算了大庆徐深1井相关测井资料盒维数,岩性识别率达到90%以上;同时探讨了分维值与火山岩岩性之间的关系及影响分维值大小的因素.