Analysis of a combined mixed finite element and discontinuous Galerkin method for incompressible two‐phase flow in porous media

We analyze a combined method consisting of the mixed finite element method for pressure equation and the discontinuous Galerkin method for saturation equation for the coupled system of incompressible two‐phase flow in porous media. The existence and uniqueness of numerical solutions are established under proper conditions by using a constructive approach. Optimal error estimates in L²(H¹) for saturation and in L ^∞ (H(div)) for velocity are derived. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Schur‐convexity and quadrature formulae

This paper aims to contribute to the exploration of quadrature formulae by proving that the error of a quadrature formula has the Schur‐convexity property. The emphasis is on the quadrature formulae with the maximum degree of precision. The Schur‐convexity of the error has an interesting implication – the monotonicity of the error. Namely, it turns out that the absolute value of the error is always smaller on a smaller interval (of the two which share the same midpoint).     

Error Estimates for Semi-Discrete and Fully Discrete Galerkin Finite Element Approximations of the General Linear Second-Order Hyperbolic Equation

In this article, we derive error estimates for the semi-discrete and fully discrete Galerkin approximations of a general linear second-order hyperbolic partial differential equation with general damping (which includes boundary damping). The results can be applied to a variety of cases (e.g. vibrating systems of linked elastic bodies). The results generalize pioneering work of Dupont and complement a recent article by Basson and Van Rensburg.     

Error and jitter effect studies on the SLED for the BEPC Ⅱ-linac

An RF pulse compressor is a device used to convert a long RF pulse to a short one with a much higher peak RF magnitude. SLED can be regarded as the earliest RF pulse compressor to be used in large-scale linear accelerators. It has been widely studied around the world and applied in the BEPC and BEPC linac for many years. During routine operation, error and jitter effects will deteriorate the performance of SLED, either on the output electromagnetic wave amplitude or phase. The error effects mainly include the frequency drift induced by cooling water temperature variation and the frequency/Q 0 /β unbalances between the two energy storage cavities caused by mechanical fabrication or microwave tuning. The jitter effects refer to the PSK switching phase and time jitters. In this paper, we re-derive the generalized formulae for the conventional SLED used in the BEPC linac, and the error and jitter effects on SLED performance are also investigated.     

Total error and uncertainty: Friends or foes?

Guidelines ISO 17025 and ISO 15189 aim to improve the quality-assurance scheme of laboratories. Reliable analytical results are of central importance due to the critical decisions that are taken with them. ISO 17025 and ISO 15189 therefore require that analytical methods be validated and that laboratories can routinely provide the measurement uncertainty of the results of measurements. To evaluate the fitness of purpose of analytical methods, total error is increasingly applied to assess the reliability of results generated by analytical methods. However, the ISO requirement to estimate measurement uncertainty seems opposed to the concept of total error, leading to delays in laboratories implementing ISO 17025 and ISO 15189 and confusion for the analysts. This article therefore aims to clarify the divergences between total error and measurement uncertainty, but also to discuss their main similarities and emphasize their implementation.     

薄层色谱扫描仪波长示值误差校准方法

目前我国没有薄层色谱扫描仪国家检定规程,一些地方或部门标准中的波长示值误差项目计量方法可操作性不强。通过对比现有标准,提出了一种薄层色谱扫描仪波长示值误差计量方法。该方法利用计量单位使用的钬玻璃波长滤光片作为计量标准器,操作步骤与样品测试类似,波长示值误差的扩展不确定度为0.6 nm(k=2),满足校准要求。该法降低了计量操作难度,可作为计量人员的参考依据。     

Error of Atomic Charges Derived from Electrostatic Potential

The purpose of this article is to show that CHELP, CHELPG, and Merz and Kollman undergo error for the charge on atoms of HCOO^– (H₂O) _n for n = 1 6. We also demonstrate that the CHELP, CHELPG, and Merz and Kollman show error for the tendency toward change in the charges on carbons for CH₃NH⁺ ₃ (CH₃)₂NH⁺ ₂ (CH₃)₃NH⁺ (CH₃)₄N⁺.     

三维荧光二阶校正同时测定人体液中伊立替康及其代谢物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱的含量

提出了激发发射矩阵荧光光谱与化学计量学二阶校正方法相结合用于同时快速定量人体液(血浆和尿液)中的伊立替康(CPT11)和其主要代谢产物7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN38)的绿色、高灵敏分析策略. 尽管其分析物之间以及分析物和背景之间的光谱存在严重重叠现象, 采用基于交替归一加权残差(ANWE)算法的二阶校正方法进行解析仍能得到令人满意的定性定量分析结果. 当该体系的组分数选取为3时, 可以得到血浆和尿液中CPT11的平均回收率分别为(96.8±6.3)%和(101.7±1.1)%, SN38在血浆和尿液中的平均回收率分别为(100.4±4.9)%和(101.6±1.1)%. 另外, 通过品质因子, 如灵敏度(SEN)、选择性(SEL)、检测下限(LOD)和定量检测限(LOQ)评估了该方法的准确性. 实验结果表明, 该方法能以“数学分离”代替繁琐的“物理和化学分离”, 成功地解决实际复杂体系中内源干扰物质与分析物光谱重叠所引起的难分辨的问题, 可用于人体液中CPT11和SN38含量的直接快速定量测定.     

Synergistic Effects of Pseudocolor Imaging,Differentiation, and Square and Logarithmic Conversion on Accuracy of Quantification of Chemical Characteristics Using Test Strips and Similar Products

Test strips and similar products are highly feasible tools for the rapid and approximate determination of chemical characteristics. Although the application of both the quantitative observation of coloration and regression modeling has recently enabled these products to become quantitative tools, their precision and accuracy may be further improved. In this study, the pseudocolor imaging of the coloration image, derivative spectrophotometry-like differentiation of the coloration values, and logarithmic conversion of the raw and derivative values were compared in terms of the precision and accuracy of the quantitative determination of corrosiveness, glucose, nitrate, and pH using the products. The best regression models for the determination were provided by the combination of pseudocolor imaging and differentiation (nitrate and pH); pseudocolor imaging, differentiation, and square-conversion (corrosiveness); or all of the techniques (glucose). When compared to the use of the original 10 raw coloration variables of red-green-blue, cyan-magenta-yellow-key black, and L*a*b* color models only, the above combinations improved the normalized mean absolute error from 14.8% to 3.09% (corrosiveness), 6.33% to 3.15% (glucose), 7.46% to 4.56% (nitrate), and 3.22% to 0.94% (pH). These achievements were largely attributed to the combination of multiple variables that have non-linear and nonmonotonic relationships with the chemical characteristics.     

Densities and isothermal compressibilities of ionic liquids—Modeling and application

Two corresponding-states forms have been developed for direct correlation function integrals in liquids to represent pressure effects on the volume of ionic liquids over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The correlations can be analytically integrated from a chosen reference density to provide a full equation of state for ionic liquids over reduced densities from 1.5 to more than 3.6. One approach is empirical with 3 parameters, the other is a 2-parameter theoretical form which is directly connected to a method for predicting gas solubilities in ionic liquids. Parameters for both methods have been obtained for 28 different ionic liquid systems by reduction of carefully validated PρT data. The results show excellent agreement with the experimental data for nearly all substances over all ranges of conditions. Group contributions to parameters are also explored, leading to an entirely predictive method for ambient pressure densities and densities of compressed ionic liquids. Extensive comparisons are made with other techniques.