光解碎片平动谱中二级过程的运动学及化学动力学

本文发展了一套分析处理分子束光解反应实验中二级分解产物飞行谱的方法, 它改进了Kroger和Riley的最初讨论。本文表明许多重要的信息都可以从高度平均的实验数据中得出。这包括二级分解产物的平均平动能分布、空间各向异性参数、平行竞争通道间的反应比。模拟的结果可以表现二级分解反应的一些主要特征。     

直流放电制备CN自由基及其LIF探测

CN自由基是研究化学反应动力学的典型自由基，CN的动力学行为，如CN＋O2的反应已成为研究自由基－自由基反应的模型体系[1]，同时也在许多实际过程如燃烧过程，星际气体的形成过程中起着重要的作用[2，3]．利用含有CN的化合物进行光解、放电、与亚稳态原子分子进行传能反应是目     

Mass spectrometric diagnosis of the surface nitriding mechanism in a d.c. glow discharge

Reactive constituents have been investigated in a molecular beam generated in the cathode surface glow area and surface boundary layer. Mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen form NH_x(x=0–4) compounds, which are of relevance in heterogeneous, plasma vs. metal nitriding reactions. Ammonia decomposition leads to NH_x(x=2–4). Strong cataphoretic enrichment of hydrogen has been observed in the cathode glow area. Heterogeneous reactions of NH_x with iron lead to the formation of iron nitrides via intermediates such as FeNH_2–3. In a pulsed d.c. glow discharge, increased sputtering and decreased hydrogen enrichment have been observed.     

Analysis and simulation on the performance of a gyro-penitron amplifier

A cylindrical waveguide gyro-peniotron amplifier is analysed theoretically in this paper. By a ballistic method and directly using the energy conservation in the beam-wave system, a set of interaction equations for the cylindrical waveguide gyro-peniotron amplifier is derived. Computer simulation shows that under defined conditions an interaction efficiency of 47%, an output power of 240kW at a gain of 22. 5 dB and a 3 dB-instantaneous bandwidth of 1. 9% for a central frequency of 35GHz, TE₀₃ mode gyro-peniotron amplifier could be achieved. The influence of the operation parameters on the amplifier performance is also presented.     

Polymeric flocculants processing by accelerated electron beams and microwave heating

Results obtained by accelerated electron beam, microwave and simultaneous microwave and electron beam application in the chemistry of acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymers (polymeric flocculants used for wastewater treatment) are presented. Comparative results concerning the molecular weight and Huggins’ constant for the acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymers obtained by classical heating, microwave heating, electron beam irradiation and simultaneous microwave and electron beam treatment are reported. Microwave heating produces high water solubility of the polymeric flocculants but median molecular weight values. Electron beam irradiation gives high molecular weight values but associated with a cross-linked structure (poor water solubility) while microwave energy addition to electron beam energy gives simultaneously high molecular weight values and high water solubility.     

Electron beam crosslinking of non-lead PVC formulations

PVC samples with lead-free and lead-base stabilizer, containing TMPTMA (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) as a crosslinker and DOP (2-ethylhexyl phthalate) as a plasticizer, were electron beam treated at different doses (2–200 kGy) and characterized to evaluate crosslinking and other several properties, as a continuation of our previously reported paper, where these PVC formulations, typical for wire and cable applications, underwent gamma irradiation. The PVC was formulated with two different stabilizing systems: Ca/Zn and dibasic lead phthalate for comparison, to use them as jackets for a 22 wire gage (AWG). Small samples of the jacketed wires were irradiated in an industrial Dynamitron electron accelerator for the corresponding doses, along with two dosimetric systems: radiochromic thin film and alanine pellets dosimeters. The maximum dose applied was decided as the crosslinking increased, until the gel content was stable. The dose of 200 kGy was the condition for the highest crosslinking, so most of the wire was irradiated at such dose. Chemical and mechanical evaluations were carried out to the irradiated wire. The results show that 200 kGy was too high dose for the materials, since an important degradation is observed for the Ca/Zn systems. Unfortunately, such dose affects basically to CaZn formulations, which showed much poorer performance than classical lead-containing compositions. The results also indicate that gel content is not the best way of deciding the optimum condition for irradiation.     

Reactions of Laser Ablation-magnesium Plasma with Methanol Clusters

IntroductionReactions of metal ions with neutral molecules orclusters produce a variety of metal complex ions andother new series of cluster ions including cations andanions.The laser ablation-molecular beam(LA-MB)method has marked its relevance in the st…     

Electron beam forming system for irradiation of large diameter cylindrical products

The report describes electron beam electromagnetic forming system, which is destined for irradiation of cylindrical long goods, specifically for PE tubes 160 mm diameter. System consists of electromagnet, power supply units, beam distributions control units, etc. for use at an electron accelerator at 5 MeV and 50 kW. The particular geometry of the magnet poles and their mutual arrangement are creating an irradiation field that allows the electrons to irradiate the surface of the product close to 90°.     

Electron beam pretreatment of sewage sludge before anaerobic digestion

The pretreatment of waste-activated sludge (WAS) by electron beam irradiation was studied in order to improve anaerobic sludge digestion. The irradiation dose of the electron beam was varied from 0.5 to 10 kGy. Batch and continuous-flow stirred tank reactors (CFSTRs) were operated to evaluate the effect of the electron beam pretreatment on anaerobic sludge digestion. Approximately 30–52% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of the WAS was solubilized within 24 h after electron beam irradiation. A large quantity of soluble COD, protein, and carbohydrates leached out from cell ruptures caused by the electron beam irradiation. Volatile fatty acids production from the irradiated sludge was approx 90% higher than that of the unirradiated sludge. The degradation of irradiated sewage sludge was described by two distinct first-order decay rates (k ₁ and k ₂). Most initial decay reaction accelerated within 10 d, with an average k ₁ of 0.06/d for sewage sludge irradiated at all dosages. The mean values for the long-term batch first-order decay coefficient (k ₂) were 0.025/d for irradiated sewage sludge and 0.007/d for unirradiated sludge. Volatile solids removal efficiency of the control reactor fed with unirradiated sewage sludge at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 d was almost the same as that of the CFSTRs fed with irradiated sludge at an HRT of 10 d. Therefore, disintegration of sewage sludge cells using electron beam pretreatment could reduce the reactor solid retention time by half.     

Decomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons using intense, penetrating bremsstrahlung

Radiolytic decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons and other toxic compounds has been experimentally measured using ionizing radiation produced by electron accelerator and nuclear isotope sources. Decomposition products have been identified. A portable, commercially available electron accelerator was set up at a Superfund site where vapor extraction wells were removing trichloroethylene (TCE) from a spill into the unsaturated soil. The extraction vapor was passed through the accelerator beam to decompose the TCE. On site radiolytic decomposition of TCE vapor using an accelerator is shown to be significantly less expensive than filtration of TCE vapor using activated charcoal.