全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8438篇 |
免费 | 977篇 |
国内免费 | 1185篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 7149篇 |
晶体学 | 174篇 |
力学 | 680篇 |
综合类 | 84篇 |
数学 | 613篇 |
物理学 | 1900篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 14篇 |
2023年 | 102篇 |
2022年 | 293篇 |
2021年 | 334篇 |
2020年 | 332篇 |
2019年 | 305篇 |
2018年 | 261篇 |
2017年 | 320篇 |
2016年 | 348篇 |
2015年 | 332篇 |
2014年 | 431篇 |
2013年 | 676篇 |
2012年 | 488篇 |
2011年 | 487篇 |
2010年 | 366篇 |
2009年 | 443篇 |
2008年 | 493篇 |
2007年 | 511篇 |
2006年 | 507篇 |
2005年 | 428篇 |
2004年 | 416篇 |
2003年 | 358篇 |
2002年 | 577篇 |
2001年 | 235篇 |
2000年 | 226篇 |
1999年 | 201篇 |
1998年 | 175篇 |
1997年 | 137篇 |
1996年 | 123篇 |
1995年 | 110篇 |
1994年 | 108篇 |
1993年 | 86篇 |
1992年 | 73篇 |
1991年 | 51篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 20篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Acetyl Methyl Torsion in N‐Ethylacetamide: A Challenge for Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry 下载免费PDF全文
Raphaela Kannengießer Marcel J. Lach Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Stahl Dr. Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen 《Chemphyschem》2015,16(9):1906-1911
The gas‐phase structures and parameters describing acetyl methyl torsion of N‐ethylacetamide are determined with high accuracy, using a combination of molecular beam Fourier‐transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Conformational studies at the MP2 level of theory yield four minima on the energy surface. The most energetically favorable conformer, which possesses C1 symmetry, is assigned. Due to the torsional barrier of 73.4782(1) cm?1 of the acetyl methyl group, fine splitting up to 4.9 GHz is found in the spectrum. The conformational structure is not only confirmed by the rotational constants, but also by the orientation of the internal rotor. The 14N quadrupole hyperfine splittings are analyzed and the deduced coupling constants are compared with the calculated values. 相似文献
992.
Atomic sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals were introduced by Linus Pauling to explain the nature of the chemical bond. Quantum dynamics simulations show that they can be sculpted by means of a selective series of coherent laser pulses, starting from the 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom. Laser hybridization generates atoms with state‐selective electric dipoles, opening up new possibilities for the study of chemical reaction dynamics and heterogeneous catalysis. 相似文献
993.
Simon Wübbolt Prof. Dr. Martin Oestreich 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(52):15876-15879
A C? H silylation of pyridines that seemingly proceeds through electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is reported. Reactions of 2‐ and 3‐substituted pyridines with hydrosilanes in the presence of a catalyst that splits the Si? H bond into a hydride and a silicon electrophile yield the corresponding 5‐silylated pyridines. This formal silylation of an aromatic C? H bond is the result of a three‐step sequence, consisting of a pyridine hydrosilylation, a dehydrogenative C? H silylation of the intermediate enamine, and a 1,4‐dihydropyridine retro‐hydrosilylation. The key intermediates were detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy and prepared through the individual steps. This complex interplay of electrophilic silylation, hydride transfer, and proton abstraction is promoted by a single catalyst. 相似文献
994.
Frontispiece: Biomass Oxidation: Formyl CH Bond Activation by the Surface Lattice Oxygen of Regenerative CuO Nanoleaves 下载免费PDF全文
995.
This paper describes the first assessment of intermolecular weak N–H…F and N–H…Cl hydrogen bonding in stabilising hetero- and homodimers in solution. Aromatic amide and urea monomers have been designed and synthesised. The association constants of the heterodimers formed by two complementary monomers and the homodimers formed by self-complementary monomers have been determined by using 1H titration and dilution experiments. The results show that both N–H…F and N–H…Cl hydrogen bonds are able to stabilise the corresponding dimers to a measurable extent, even though the stability of the dimers is generally low. 相似文献
996.
Carotenoids are essential pigments in natural photosynthesis. They absorb in the blue–green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-)chlorophylls, and so expand the wavelength range of light that is able to drive photosynthesis. This process is an example of singlet–singlet energy transfer and so carotenoids serve to enhance the overall efficiency of photosynthetic light reactions. Carotenoids also act to protect photosynthetic organisms from the harmful effects of excess exposure to light. In this case, triplet–triplet energy transfer from (bacterio-)chlorophyll to carotenoid plays a key role in this photoprotective reaction. In the light-harvesting pigment–protein complexes from purple photosynthetic bacteria and chlorophytes, carotenoids have an additional role, namely the structural stabilization of those complexes. In this article we review what is currently known about how carotenoids discharge these functions. The molecular architecture of photosynthetic systems will be outlined to provide a basis from which to describe the photochemistry of carotenoids, which underlies most of their important functions in photosynthesis. Then, the possibility to utilize the functions of carotenoids in artificial photosynthetic light-harvesting systems will be discussed. Some examples of the model systems are introduced. 相似文献
997.
Dr. James R. Frost Prof. Dr. Stefan M. Huber Dr. Stefan Breitenlechner M. Sc. Christoph Bannwarth Prof. Dr. Thorsten Bach 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(2):691-695
Spirocyclic oxindoles undergo an enantioselective oxygenation reaction (nine examples; e.r. up to 97:3) upon catalysis by a chiral ruthenium porphyrin complex (1 mol %). The catalyst exhibits a lactam ring, which is responsible for substrate association through hydrogen bonds, and an active ruthenium center, which is in a defined spatial relationship to the oxygenation substrate. DFT calculations illustrate the perfect alignment of the active site with the reactive C? H bond and suggest—in line with the kinetic isotope effect—an oxygen rebound mechanism for the reaction. 相似文献
998.
Yinyan Gong Yong Zhou Huacheng Wu Danping Wu Yongli Huang Chang Q. Sun 《Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS》2016,47(11):1351-1359
The solute–solvent interaction of salts has a striking impact on various biological and industrial processes but its mechanism remains yet mysterious despite intensive studies since 1888 when Franz Hofmeister established the salt series. A combination of confocal Raman spectroscopy and contact angle measurements has enabled us to resolve the hydrogen bond relaxation (O:H―O, HB) and the associated charge polarization dynamics at different molecular site because of alkali halides hydration. Results show consistently that salt hydration softens the O:H phonon but stiffens H―O phonon cooperatively. The extent of HB relaxation and polarization is proportional to the electronegativity difference and ionic radius, following the order of Hofmeister series: X (R/η) = I (2.2/2.5) > Br (1.96/2.8) > Cl (1.81/3.0) > F (1.33/4.0) ≈ 0 for anions, and Y(R/η) = Na (0.98/0.9) > K (1.33/0.8) > Rb (1.49/0.8) > Cs (1.65/0.8) for cations. Observations suggest that ions create each an electric field that aligns, stretches, and polarizes water molecules, which relaxes the O:H―O bond cooperatively, depresses the molecular dynamics, and enhances the hydration shell viscosity and the skin stress. Exercises also demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy performs as a powerful tool for probing the molecular‐site‐resolved HB network relaxation dynamics in terms of phonon stiffness, molecular fluctuation dynamics, and phonon abundance transition under external stimulus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
Investigation on the Surface‐Confined Self‐Assembly Stabilized by Hydrogen Bonds of Urea and Amide Groups: Quantitative Analysis of Concentration Dependence of Surface Coverage 下载免费PDF全文
Formation of a hydrogen‐bond network via an amide group is a key driving force for the nucleation–elongation‐type self‐assembly that is often seen in biomolecules and artificial supramolecular assemblies. In this work, rod‐coil‐like aromatic compounds bearing an amide ( 1 a – 3 a ) or urea group ( 1 u – 3 u ) were synthesized, and their self‐assemblies on a 2‐D surface were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). According to the quantitative analysis of the concentration dependence of the surface coverage, it was revealed that the strength of the hydrogen bond (i.e., amide or urea) and the number of non‐hydrogen atoms in a molecular component (i.e., size of core and length of alkyl side chain) play a primary role in determining the stabilization energy during nucleation and elongation processes of molecular ordering on the HOPG surface. 相似文献
1000.
Zakieh Yousefi Hossein Eshtiagh‐Hosseini Alireza Salimi Janet Soleimannejad 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2015,71(5):386-393
In the title compound, [Cu(C7H3N2O4)(C4H5N2)(H2O)], (I), pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylate (pydc2−), 2‐aminopyrimidine and aqua ligands coordinate the CuII centre through two N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and one water O atom, respectively, to give a nominally distorted square‐pyramidal coordination geometry, a common arrangement for copper complexes containing the pydc2− ligand. Because of the presence of Cu...Xbridged contacts (X = N or O) between adjacent molecules in the crystal structures of (I) and three analogous previously reported compounds, and the corresponding uncertainty about the effective coordination number of the CuII centre, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to elucidate the degree of covalency in these contacts. The calculated Wiberg and Mayer bond‐order indices reveal that the Cu...O contact can be considered as a coordination bond, whereas the amine group forming a Cu...N contact is not an effective participant in the coordination environment. 相似文献