Ab initio calculation of the Young's modulus of α‐polyamides

In earlier works the supermolecule model has been applied to the calculation of the Young's modulus of crystalline polyethylene and polyamide‐6. In the supermolecule model a crystalline polymer is represented as a single finite chain divided into a head, body, and tail part. The body contains a number of monomer units and is representative for a polymer chain. In this article, this model has been used to study the geometric properties and the elastic moduli of the α form of other polyamides: polyamide‐2 (or polyglycine), polyamide‐3, polyamide‐4, polyamide‐11, and polyamide‐6,6. All calculations have been performed with a linearly constrained body. The results have been compared to other theoretical and experimental results if available. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/qua.2002;10121     

Compression elastic modulus of neutral,ionic, and amphoteric hydrogels based on N‐vinylimidazole

Several hydrogels of N‐vinylimidazole and sodium styrenesulfonate have been prepared by radical cross‐linking copolymerization in aqueous solution, using N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide as crosslinker. Depending on composition, these hydrogels were neutral, amphoteric, cationic or anionic. Compression‐strain measurements were performed on samples as‐synthesized and swollen in deionized water or in acid aqueous solutions, with and without salt. It was thus found that the cross‐linking densities determined by compression measurements on as‐synthesized samples are in good accordance with those calculated by means of the model of polymer networks with pendant vinyl groups. A non‐Gaussian parameter (β) was introduced to explain that the elastic moduli (G) of samples swollen at equilibrium are larger than predicted by the Gaussian model. The β values of the neutral or ionized systems increase with swelling and fall into a single curve, which denotes a common behavior. Swelling has two opposite effects on G; on the one hand G decreases because the polymer volume fraction diminish and the system shifts from the affine limit to the phantom one; on the other, β increases and contributes to increasing G. The balance of those two opposite effects determines the variation of G with swelling. The possible contribution of ionic crosslinks to ν_e for the polyampholyte and for the polycation wearing divalent counteranions was discussed. A peculiar system is poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), whose cross‐linking density is much lower than expected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1078–1087, 2009     

Shear-wave speeds and elastic moduli for different liquids Part 3. Experiments-update

Tables of values of shear-wave speeds, shear moduli and relaxation times for 18 new liquids are presented, supplementing the tables for 51 liquids given in Part 2. A brief discussion of errors and analysis of the oscilloscope traces is presented. The relation of the effective moduli measured on the wave-speed meter to independent measurements using phase-modulated birefringence and delayed die swell is discussed. A method of measuring wave speeds and rigidities for sheared media is proposed.     

大理岩动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的SHPB实验研究

提出了获取脆性材料动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的实验步骤及相关记录数据的分析方法。利用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样,测试了大理岩在高应变率加载下的动态力学性能。应力波加载下动态劈裂拉伸圆盘在试样中心产生了约45/s的拉伸应变率。分析了实验的有效性并考虑了试样两个端面应力波波形差异的影响以提高实验结果的精度。结果表明准静态下的公式可适用于动态劈裂拉伸实验;大理岩的动态拉伸强度及弹性模量比静态时有明显的增加。     

Water cavitation of hydrogels

Using the cavitation rheology (CR) technique developed in our labs, we show that fluids with negligible interfacial tensions with a surrounding material can be used to induce an elastic, cavitation instability in that material. We do this by changing the cavitation media from air, which was demonstrated to induce cavitation at the tip of a syringe needle in previous studies, to water, which has a negligible surface tension with the surrounding poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel material. In this case, the critical pressure in which this instability occurs can be directly related to the elastic modulus of the surrounding network and is shown to be nearly independent of length scale. This independence of size scale has important implications in the use of CR for the characterization of mechanical properties from molecular to macroscopic length scales. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1423–1427, 2010     

投影的约化极小模和空间的夹角

Let M and N be nonzero subspaces of a Hilbert space H, and PM and PN denote the orthogonal projections on M and N, respectively. In this note, an exact representation of the angle and the minimum gap of M and N is obtained. In addition, we study relations between the angle, the minimum gap of two subspaces M and N, and the reduced minimum modulus of （I - PN）PM,     

Use of the mark-tracking method for optical fiber characterization

The mark-tracking method was used in the uniaxial tensile test to determine the elastic properties of optical fibers. The mark-tracking method is based on the follow-up of two markers on the specimen with the help of an image processing technique. It allows us to determine the true strain with respect to the small strains assumption (≤1%) or the finite strains (>1%) without any impact of the rigid solid movement or pulley fiber sliding on the measured strain. Both coated optical fiber and stripped fiber were subjected to the uniaxial tensile test and the cantilever beam bending test. The Young’ modulus results of the stripped fiber were found to be very similar for both tests. Thus, the mark-tracking method is adaptable to the tensile test of optical fibers and the elastic behaviors of both coated optical fiber and stripped fiber are found to be non-linear. Their Young's moduli are 22 and 79 GPa, respectively. These results revealed that those coatings play a mechanical role in fiber elongation.     

辉光放电聚合物结构及力学性质研究

采用低压等离子体聚合技术,通过调整工作气压和反式二丁烯(T₂B)与H₂流量比制备了辉光放电聚合物(GDP)涂层. 利用傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱和元素分析法讨论了工作气压和T₂B与H₂流量比对GDP涂层内部H原子含量及结构的影响,并且通过纳米压痕技术对GDP涂层的硬度及杨氏模量进行了表征.研究结果表明:降低工作气压和T₂B与H₂流量比,GDP涂层内sp³ C 关键词： 傅里叶变换红外光谱 纳米压痕 杨氏模量 硬度     

Activation behavior and dielectric relaxation in polyvinyl alcohol and multiwall carbon nanotube composite films

The dc and ac electrical transport property of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (PVA-MWNT) composites has been investigated within a temperature range and in the frequency range 20Hz-1MHz. The temperature variation of dc conductivity gives the presence of two different activation energies. The dielectric properties of the samples have been explained in terms of electric modulus vector.The dielectric relaxation has been explained in terms of interfacial polarization occurring in between the insulating PVA matrix and MWNT conductive filler. The variation of the relaxation time with temperature also indicates the presence of two different activation energies.