超稠油供氢水热裂解改质降黏研究

通过超稠油水热裂解反应前后黏度、沥青质、硫质量分数等性质的变化，研究了超稠油进行水热裂解的主要影响因素及规律。结果表明，超稠油中含有一定量的硫是地层注蒸汽温度下进行水热裂解反应的前提。温度和时间对反应有很大影响。供氢剂中四氢萘对超稠油水热裂解影响最大。四氢萘供氢剂与硫酸镍催化剂复配使用对超稠油水热裂解有协同效应。水热裂解物理模拟实验表明,胜利单家寺油田超稠油通过供氢催化水热裂解降黏率可达70%以上。胶质、沥青质、硫质量分数降低，H/C原子比提高，超稠油得到一定程度的改善。     

A model for the fragility of the melts

The concept of fragility has been used widely to characterize the temperature dependence of the viscosity of glass forming materials. However, the physical background that determines the degree of fragility is still not well understood. In the present study an expression for the fragility is derived based on a simple model of the melt. According to the model, the fragility is determined by the relaxation of structural units that form the melt, and is described in terms of the bond strength (E ₀), coordination number (Z ₀), and their fluctuations (ΔE and ΔZ). It is shown that a strong system is characterized by large value of total bond strength (Z ₀ E ₀) and small value of its fluctuation ((ΔZ)²(ΔE)²). On the other hand, a fragile system is characterized by small value of total bond strength and large value of its fluctuation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

添加物对聚电解质成膜特性的影响及相关机理探讨

研究了添加不同分子量、不同带电特性的物质(如葡萄糖、PEG聚合物系列、NaCl和CMC)到成囊溶液中, 考察它们对制得的NaCS/PDMDAAC胶囊性质的影响. 同时, 测定了聚电解质稀溶液的粘度、电导、zeta电位及聚合物阴阳离子反应后的悬浊液的浊度及zeta电位. 结果表明, 通过添加物对稀电解质溶液性质的影响可判断其对胶囊特性的影响. 分析了添加物对NaCS与PDMDAAC反应的影响, 并根据溶液格子理论对胶囊的宏观特性变化提出了一个可能的微观解释.     

Interaction of 5-fluorouracil with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate

The purpose of our research is to obtain an understanding of the binding mechanism and its correlations in terms of chemical structure and the potentiactive drug activity. The interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil is used as an anticancer drug) with sodium poly-,L-glutamate in aqueous solution was studied with a spectral method and viscosity measurement. From the binding data, the molar change in enthalpy, entropy and the number of binding sites on the polymer were calculated. It is very interesting that the value ofH⁰ of the binding of 5-fluorouracil with sodium poly-,L-glutamate is smaller than that of 5-trifluoromethyluracil (although 5-trifluoromethyluracil is not used as an anticancer drug, the compound has a similar structure to 5-fluorouracil).     

Micellar solutions in shear: Viscosity and normal stress

We apply a recent non-equilibrium statistical mechanical theory for nonionic micellar solutions to study their viscoelastic properties. It is shown that shear-induced growth in average micellar size does not lead to the shear-thickening observed experimentally in ionic micellar systems, suggesting that intermicelle electrostatic interactions may be responsible for the viscosity build-up. Instead, we find shear thinning and gradual increase of normal stress throughout the studied range of shear rates.     

树枝聚醚改性聚丙烯酰胺和阴离子表面活性剂的缔合行为

采用粘度法、荧光探针技术和^1H NMR驰豫和自扩散方法，研究了树枝聚醚疏 水改性丙烯酰胺共聚物(PDAM)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在水溶液中的相互作用．这 种共聚物含有少量的树枝聚醚，具有疏水性，容易和SDS发生相互作用，在表面活 性剂浓度远低于临界胶束浓度(cmc)的情况下，生成混合胶束状聚集体．它们的缔 合行为和溶液性质明显地取决于表面活性剂的浓度，随着聚合物溶液中加入SDS， 溶液粘度发生急剧变化，并在较低的表面活性剂浓度处出现很大的最高点．荧光和 ^1H NMR测定结果表明，这是由于在不同SDS浓度范围内，PDAM/SDS形成的聚集体结 构不同的缘故．     

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). II. Effect of polymer concentration,temperature, and surfactant on the viscosity of aqueous solutions

The effects of polymer concentration, temperature, and surfactant on the rheological properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly NIPAM, were studied. Below 28°C the viscosity decreased with increasing temperature according to the Arrhenius expression. However, at 29°C the viscosity increased to a maximum value at 32°C, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) for aqueous polyNIPAM. Higher temperatures gave a much lower viscosity. This unusual rheological behavior was explained by the phase behavior of the polymer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) binding to polyNIPAM increased the cloud point temperature (CPT) and attenuated the unusual rheological behavior of polyNIPAM in water. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

粘度法研究壳聚糖对外加盐的敏感性

聚电解质的特性粘度对外加盐的响应是反映聚电解质对外加盐敏感性的一个重要特征，通过分别测定壳聚糖在不同小分子强电解质（ＮａＣｌ、ＫＣｌ、ＣａＣｌ２、ＢａＣｌ２）和相同小分子强电解质（ＮａＣｌ）但不同离子强度的稀溶液粘度，得到：（１）壳聚糖特性粘度与外加盐的离子强度的平方根的倒数成正比；（２）不同小分子强电解质中阳离子对壳聚糖特性粘度的影响次序是Ｎａ＋＞Ｋ＋＞Ｂａ２＋＞Ｃａ２＋．同时，测算了壳聚糖在不同外加盐浓度中的Ｍａｒｋ Ｈｏｕｗｉｎｋ方程参数α，发现其值皆大于０５，得到了壳聚糖分子链的僵硬性参数Ｂ的值为００７４，揭示了壳聚糖具有较大的分子链刚性和抗盐性能．     

Molecular dynamics calculations of shear viscosity time-correlation functions for hard spheres

The time-correlation function for shear viscosity is evaluated for hard spheres at volumes of 1.6 and 3 times the close-packed volume by a Monte Carlomolecular dynamics technique. At both densities, the kinetic part of the timecorrelation function is consistent, within its rather large statistical uncertainty, with the long-timet ^–3/2 tail predicted by the mode-coupling theory. However, at the higher density, the time-correlation function is dominated by the cross and potential terms out to 25 mean free times, whereas the mode-coupling theory predicts that these are asymptotically negligible compared to the kinetic part. The total time-correlation function decays roughly ast ^–3/2, with much larger than the mode-coupling value, similar to the recent observations by Evans in his nonequilibrium simulations of argon and methane. The exact value of the exponent is, however, not very precisely determined. By analogy with the case of the velocity autocorrelation function, for which results are also presented at these densities, it is argued that it is quite possible that at high density the asymptotic behavior is not established until times substantially longer than those attainable in the present work. At the lower density, the cross and potential terms are of the same magnitude as the kinetic part, and all are consistent with the mode-coupling predictions within the relatively large statistical uncertainties.Work performed under the auspices of U.S. Department of Energy.