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81.
Turbulent structures in an optimal Taylor–Couette flow between concentric counter-rotating cylinders
The turbulent structures formed in a Taylor–Couette (TC) flow established between two concentric counter-rotating cylinders were explored numerically. The shear Reynolds number was set to Reshear = 8000 and the radius ratio was set to ri/ro = 0.5. An optimal flow corresponding to the maximal angular velocity transport between the cylinders was selected for the TC flow. The mean velocity profile reached its steepest value near the cylinders in the optimal TC flow. The streamwise velocity correlations at the outer cylinder in the gap exceeded those at the inner cylinder. The large convective transport of angular velocity in the gap generated a maximal angular velocity flux to achieve the optimal flow. The angular velocity flux generated by the momentum source exceeded that generated by the momentum sink. The vorticity dispersion was larger near the inner cylinder than near the outer cylinder, but vorticity stretching near the outer cylinder exceeded than that near the inner cylinder. The skin friction coefficient budgets were plotted using the velocity–vorticity correlation. The vortex stretching contributions dominated the skin friction budgets. The area near the inner cylinder was populated by stronger vortices, but their population density was smaller than the population density of the vortices near the outer cylinder. The probability density functions of the wall-normal and streamwise velocity fluctuations delineated the presence of the large wall-normal velocity fluctuations near the outer cylinder. 相似文献
82.
P. Schroll A.P. Wandel R.S. Cant E. Mastorakos 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2009,32(2):2275-2282
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) were carried out to investigate the impact of evaporation of droplets on the autoignition process under decaying turbulence. The droplets were taken as point sources and were tracked in a Lagrangian manner. Three cases with the same initial equivalence ratio but different initial droplet size were simulated and the focus was to examine the influence of the droplet evaporation process on the location of autoignition. It was found that an increase in the initial droplet size results in an increase in the autoignition time, that highest reaction rates always occur at a specific mixture fraction ξMR, as in purely gaseous flows, and that changes in the initial droplet size did not affect the value of ξMR. The conditional correlation coefficient between scalar dissipation rate and reaction rates was only mildly negative, contrary to the strongly negative values for purely gaseous autoigniting flows, possibly due to the continuous generation of mixture fraction by the droplet evaporation process that randomizes both the mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation fields. 相似文献
83.
Direct evaluation of the subgrid scale scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames with conditioned dual-plane stereo PIV 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sebastian Pfadler Johannes Kerl Frank Beyrau Alfred Leipertz Amsini Sadiki Jrg Scheuerlein Friedrich Dinkelacker 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2009,32(2):1723-1730
With the dual-plane stereo PIV technique the instantaneous three-dimensional resolved rate-of-strain tensor is directly measured in turbulent premixed flames. Simultaneously, also the instantaneous subgrid scale (SGS) scalar flux is measured with fine resolution, where for the latter term the conditioned particle image velocimetry (CPIV) technique is applied. The subgrid resolution reaches 118 μm, allowing a 9 × 9 resolution of a subgrid filter with width Δ = 1 mm. This combined measurement approach allows the a-priori comparison of models for the SGS scalar flux term with direct measurements which is important for large eddy simulation methods in turbulent premixed flames. Two different flame conditions of a premixed V-shaped turbulent flame are investigated where the turbulence intensity is varied by a factor of nearly three. The instantaneous radial and axial SGS fluxes are compared with the following three models: gradient model with Smagorinsky approach for the turbulent viscosity, Clark model, and extended gradient model with an anisotropy term. None of these models shows a good correlation with the directly measured flux. The anisotropy term alone (being nearly similar to the Clark model) shows, however, a right trend behaviour. An analysis of the data indicates a significant dependency of the experimentally determined SGS flux on the Favre averaged reaction progress (spatially averaged over the SGS area). A relatively simple closure for the SGS flux, which describes the dilatation due to the gasdynamic expansion, and which is a function proportional to , shows a rather good correlation with direct measurement for some of the components. A successful SGS scalar flux model for premixed turbulent flames most likely needs to include at least two different effects. 相似文献
84.
A question of flow around an obstacle leads to an optimal control problem. If an optimum path exists, then it is calculable from the Pontryagin principle. The optimum is verified to be reached, using a discretization of the problem. 相似文献
85.
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87.
A study of the spatial and temporal evolution of auto-ignition kernels using time-resolved tomographic OH-LIF 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jhon Pareja Ayane Johchi Tao Li Andreas Dreizler Benjamin Böhm 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(2):1321-1328
In this paper, the spatial and temporal evolution of auto-ignition kernels from methane jets propagating into a NOx-vitiated, high-turbulence, hot air co-flow was studied by means of time-resolved tomographic laser-induced fluorescence of OH (Tomo OH-LIF). Measurements were performed using a burst dye laser system at 10 kHz for volumetric laser illumination and a multi-camera arrangement (8-views) for detection of the fluorescence signal. Auto-ignition kernels were detected three-dimensionally and tracked using a robust algorithm based on the intensity gradient of the volumetrically reconstructed signals. The size and location of the detected kernels were evaluated for operating conditions with different Reynolds numbers of the fuel jet. Results showed that auto-ignition randomly occurred with high probability in a well defined fairly axisymmetric radial region with strong fluctuations in the main direction of the flow. The increase of the Reynolds number of the fuel jet resulted in a radial spread of the location of auto-ignition events. The statistical evaluation of the orientation and growth of auto-ignition kernels with respect to the mean flow field showed that the kernels were oriented tangentially to the flow and temporally evolve towards this preferential direction as the ignition events progressed. 相似文献
88.
An effective partially premixed flamelet model for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent spray combustion is formulated. Different flame regimes are identified with a flame index defined by budget terms in a 2-D multi-phase flamelet formulation, and the application in LES of partially pre-vaporized spray flames shows a favorable agreement with experiments. Simulations demonstrate that, compared to the conventional single-regime flamelets, the present partially premixed flamelet formulation shows its ability in capturing the subgrid regime transitions, yielding a well prediction of peak gas temperature and the downstream flame spreading. A propagating premixed flame front is found coupled with a trailing diffusion burning through the spray evaporation, and the spray effect on regime discrimination is manifested with transport budget analysis. A two-phase regime indicator is then proposed, by which the evaporation-dictated regime is properly described. Its intended use will rely on both gas and spray flamelet structures. 相似文献
89.
Robert D. Stachler Joseph K. Lefkowitz Joshua S. Heyne Scott D. Stouffer Timothy M. Ombrello Joseph D. Miller 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(4):5039-5046
Understanding of ignition processes is central to design for reliable and safe aerospace combustor systems. Ignition is influenced by many factors including combustor geometry, flow conditions, fuel composition, turbulence intensity, ignition source, and energy deposition method. A toroidal jet-stirred reactor (TJSR) utilizes bulk fluid motion, presence of recirculation zones, a bulk residence time, and turbulence intensities which emulate characteristics relevant to cavity stabilized and swirl stabilized combustors. In this work, a TJSR was used to quantify ignitability and time-to-ignition of premixed ethylene and air. The effects of inlet temperature, residence time, and reactivity were studied on forced ignition processes. Experimental conditions ranged from residence times of 15–35?ms, mixture temperatures of 340–450?K, and equivalence ratios of 0.5–1 using capacitive spark-discharge ignition. The minimum equivalence ratio for ignition (MER), or the equivalence ratio at 50% probability, shows an inverse relationship with mixture temperature and residence time. Prior theory of real engine combustor performance for lean light off, proposed by Ballal and Lefebvre, was compared to the MER and displayed similar trends to the model. Spatially integrated OH* chemiluminescence was used to measure time to ignition within the reactor. Reduction in ignitibility was experienced as the time-to-ignition approached the residence time stressing the importance of device flow time scales in relation to kernel growth dynamics and ignition probability. 相似文献
90.
An experimental study was performed to measure the flow properties of a vertically-orientated shear layer in the vicinity of a free-surface. The effect of surface contamination on the near surface flow field was also determined. Digital Particle Image Velocimetry was used to measure instantaneous and averaged velocity, vorticity, and Reynolds stresses. Results show that the presence of surfactants can cause directional shifts of the shear layer, as well as an overall damping of the turbulence in the vicinity of the free-surface, except in the vicinity of a Reynolds ridge where an increase in Reynolds stress was observed. 相似文献