适用于真空管道交通的高温超导磁悬浮车低温液氮容器

真空管道运输系统的建成以及在全球的普及与应用,将是继火车、汽车、飞机和IT之后人类的又一大福祉。将使今天面临的交通困境从根本上得以解决,也将给全球经济与社会生活方式带来全新的变化。磁悬浮车是真空管道交通系统的运行主体,在各种不同模式的磁悬浮车中,高温超导磁悬浮车非常适合于真空管道交通。然而,由于真空管道中是低压环境,用于常压环境的高温超导磁悬浮车低温液氮容器不适合直接用于真空管道交通系统。提出在真空管道交通中,采用带压力阀的高温超导磁悬浮车低温液氮容器。这是一种压力容器,器壁要承受压差,当前常用的矩形高温超导磁悬浮车低温液氮容器则不适合,进一步提出能承受较高压力的圆柱形低温液氮容器的设计构想。还对真空管道交通中真空环境对提高液氮容器保温效果的意义进行了讨论。     

Chemical Analysis of Hydroxyapatite Artificial Bone Powders by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry(EDXRF)

Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were synthesized by a wet chemical method. Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate used as calcium source and dibasic ammonium phosphate used as phosphorous source. Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate and dibasic ammonium phosphate solutions were prepared by dissolving the salts in distilled water. Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles used by artificial bone powders and synthesized by a wet chemical method were analyzed using EDXRF method.The concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Sr and Pb for artificial bone powders have been determined. Besides, Calcium contents were evaluated according to the agitation time and temperature in the production process.     

Transmission and radiation of acoustic oblique incident through tube arrays based on phononic crystals theory

In a utility boiler, the heat exchanger’s structure is similar to a two-dimensional phononic crystal. Based on the phononic crystal theory, this paper studies sound propagation through tube arrays as a function of the incident sound direction and the surroundings temperature. We carried out both the computational and experimental work for particular values of the pitch and diameters in the tube arrays and studied the band-gap diagram and insertion loss spectra for different angles of incidence. The first band gap is found to correspond to Bragg’s Law while the second band gap moves to lower frequencies as the angle increases. Simulations indicate also that the uneven temperature field influences the insertion loss spectrum. Results of experiments and calculations confirm that, for a particular tube array, the most important factors influencing sound propagation are incidence angle and the surrounding temperature. For the acoustic source in tube arrays, the acoustic radiation have relation with the frequency whether in the acoustic bang gap or not. The results should provide a basis for further work: both on sound source localization and low frequency sonic cleaning in large tube arrays.     

Modelling of fluidelastic instability in a square inline tube array including the boundary layer effect

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) is a design concern in many engineering applications such as tube bundles in heat exchangers. When FIV materializes, it often results in fatigue and/or fretting wear of the tubes, leading to their failure. Three cross-flow excitation mechanisms are responsible for such failures: random turbulence excitation, Strouhal periodicity, and fluidelastic instability. Of these three mechanisms, fluidelastic instability has the greatest potential for destruction. Because of this, a large amount of research has been conducted to understand and predict this mechanism. This paper presents a time domain model to predict the fluidelastic instability forces in a tube array. The proposed model accounts for temporal variations in the flow separation. The unsteady boundary layer is solved numerically and coupled with the structure model and the far field flow model. It is found that including the boundary layer effect results in a lower stability threshold. This is primarily due to a larger fluidelastic force effect on the tube. The increase in the fluidelastic effect is attributed to the phase difference between the boundary layer separation point motion and the tube motion. It is also observed that a non-linear limit cycle is predicted by the proposed model.     

Inflation and burst of aluminum tubes. Part II: An advanced yield function including deformation-induced anisotropy

In a recent study [Korkolis, Y.P., Kyriakides, S., 2008. Inflation and burst of anisotropic aluminum tubes for hydroforming applications. Int’l. J. Plasticity 24, 509–543], the formability of aluminum tubes was investigated using a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. The tubes were loaded to failure under combined internal pressure and axial load along radial paths in the engineering stress space. The experiments were then simulated using appropriate FE models and two established anisotropic yield functions. It was found that for some loading paths the computed deformations did not agree with the experimental ones, whereas rupture was generally overpredicted. In the current study the problem is tackled using a more advanced yield function [Barlat, F., Brem, J.C., Yoon, J.W., Chung, K., Dick, R.E., Lege, D.J., Pourboghrat, F., Choi, S.-H., Chu, E., 2003. Plane stress function for aluminum alloy sheets – part I: theory. Int’l. J. Plasticity 19, 1297–1319]. Three different calibration schemes of this function are employed, in two of which the experimentally observed deformation-induced anisotropy is taken into account. It is demonstrated that both deformation and failure can ultimately be predicted successfully, albeit arduously, using a hybrid procedure detailed herein.     

提高高压X光机激发的XRF谱测量灵敏度的一种方法

本文通过分析高压Ｘ光机激发的Ｘ射线荧光（ＸＲＦ）在线测量系统中的灵敏度低等问题的原因，提出了用准直技术提高灵敏度的方法，并设计，加工了一个内径１．５ｃｍ，长７．５ｃｍ的准直器，实验结果满意。在此基础上，对进一步改进该在线测量系统的性能进行了讨论。     

Treatment of colored effluent of the textile industry in Bangladesh using zinc chloride treated indigenous activated carbons

The adsorption of colored compounds from the textile dyeing effluents of Bangladesh on granulated activated carbons produced from indigenous vegetable sources by chemical activation with zinc chloride was studied. The most important parameters in chemical activation were found be the chemical ratio of ZnCl₂ to feed (3:1), carbonization temperature (450-465 °C) and activation time (80 min). The adsorbances at 511 nm (red effluent) and 615 nm (blue effluent) were used for color estimation. It is established that at optimum temperature (50 °C), time of contact (30-40 min) and adsorbent loading (2 g l⁻¹), activated carbons developed from Segun saw-dust and water hyacinth showed substantial capability to remove coloring materials from the effluents. It is observed that adsorption of reactive dyes by all sorts of activated carbons is higher than disperse dyes. It is explained that activated carbon, because of its acidic nature, can better adsorb reactive dye particles containing large number of nitrogen sites and -SO₃Na group in their structure. The use of carbons would be economical, as saw-dust and water hyacinth are waste products and abundant in Bangladesh.     

A facile processing way of silica needle arrays with tunable orientation by tube arrays fabrication and etching method

A simple method to fabricate silica micro/nano-needle arrays (SNAs) is presented based on tube-etching mechanism. Using silica fibers as templates, highly aligned and free-standing needle arrays are created over large area by simple processes of polymer infiltration, cutting, chemical etching and polymer removal. Their sizes and orientations can be arbitrarily and precisely tuned by simply selecting fiber sizes and the cutting directions, respectively. This technique enables the needle arrays with special morphology to be fabricated in a greatly facile way, thereby offers them the potentials in various applications, such as optic, energy harvesting, sensors, etc. As a demonstration, the super hydrophobic property of PDMS treated SNAs is examined.     

High energy X-ray micro-optics

A tremendous progress in X-ray optics development was made in the past decade. Progress has been driven by the unique properties of X-ray beams produced by third generation synchrotron sources. The very low emittance coupled with high brilliance allows one to develop efficient focusing devices for new X-ray microscopy techniques. This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in micro-focusing optics and methods for hard X-rays. The main emphasis is put on those methods which aim to produce submicron and nanometer resolution. These methods fall into three broad categories: reflective, refractive and diffractive optics.The basic principles and recent achievements are discussed for all optical devices. To cite this article: A. Snigirev, I. Snigireva, C. R. Physique 9 (2008).