基于Visco-SCRAM模型的侵彻装药点火研究

针对弹体侵彻过程中装药的安全性,基于黏弹性统计裂纹力学(visco-statistical crack mechanics, Visco-SCRAM)模型计算装药整体温升、装药裂纹摩擦生热以及弹体装药与壳体摩擦生热,考察这3种机制对装药温升的贡献以及侵彻装药的点火机制,得到了装药点火对应的弹体侵彻临界初始速度。结果表明：(1)装药与弹体内壁摩擦生热对装药温升有一定贡献,随着弹体初始撞击速度的提高,摩擦生热对温升的贡献逐渐增大;(2)黏性、损伤和绝热体积变化导致的装药整体温升对装药点火的作用有限; (3)裂纹摩擦形成热点是侵彻装药点火的物理机制;(4)采用Visco-SCRAM模型可预测低强度、长脉冲载荷作用下的装药点火响应。

     

Point-source spark shadowgraphy at the historic birthplace of supersonic transportation

About a decade after its foundation, the most advanced ballistics laboratory in Germany at the time, the Kruppsche Schiessplatz, was utilized by Ernst Mach in 1888. His intent was to validate his pioneering shock wave research using military shells as supersonic vehicles. The 125th anniversary of the Schiessplatz was celebrated in 2002. Along with Machs research, it served to initiate the field of supersonic transportation technology. The specific subject of this paper is the application of point-source spark shadowgraphy at the same laboratory in the 1970s to visualize gas flow over aeroballistic projectiles. However, different from Machs original interest, the new purpose of spark photography at that time in the ballistic ranges of the German Bundeswehr was to find technical solutions to aeroballistic problems when field-testing gave incomplete answers. Both a qualitative and a quantitative understanding of the principles of aeroballistics were sought in this research.Received: 3 February 2003, Accepted: 30 June 2003, Published online: 2 September 2003An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 13th American Physical Society Topical Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter at Portland, Oregon, from July 20 to 25, 2003     

Synthesis of mixed metallic nanoparticles by spark discharge

Short spark discharges (2 μs) were successfully applied to generate mixed particles a few nanometres in diameter by fast quenching. Alloyed Cr–Co electrodes were applied to demonstrate this. Further it was shown that if the anode and the cathode are different materials, the discharge process mixes the vapour of both materials, forming mixed nanoparticles. Electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed on the collected particles to study their size, morphology, composition and structure. The average compositions of the particles were measured by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). In addition, online measurements of the particle size distribution by mobility analysis were carried out. In the case of alloyed electrodes (Cr–Co), the relative concentration of the elements in the nanoparticulate sample was consistent with the electrode composition. When using electrodes of different metals (Au–Pd and Ag–Pd) the individual nanoparticles showed a range of mixing ratios. No surface segregation was observed in these mixed noble metal particles. Crystalline nanoparticulate mixed phases were found in all cases.     

Spontaneous ignition of ultra-fine magnesium powder without an original oxide coat at room temperature in O2/N2 mixture streams

To examine the pyrophoric characteristics of Mg powder, we generated ultra-fine Mg particles (average particle diameter: about 0.3 μm) without an original oxide coat in an Ar stream. The ignition of the powder was measured by using the impinging O₂/N₂ mixture streams over a wide range of the experimental parameters: pressure, oxygen concentration and velocity of the streams. The Mg powder was found to ignite even at room temperature. The spontaneous ignition temperatures in the range of 278  324 K were insensitive to all the experimental parameters. The ignition delay time had a tendency to decrease with increasing experimental parameters.The ignition process of the Mg powder was found to be controlled by the surface reaction rate without an oxide coat. We proposed a new ignition hypothesis considering a critical oxide thickness on the Mg powder particles at the transition temperature from protective to non-protective nature: that is, the ignition of the Mg powder occurs when the powder temperature rises above the transition temperature before surface reactions form a protective oxide coat with the critical thickness on the individual particle surfaces. According to this hypothesis, an ignition model of Mg powder cluster was developed, and the relation between the spontaneous critical ignition temperature and the ultra-fine powder size, depending on the critical thickness of the protective oxide coat, was clarified. The critical oxide thickness was estimated.     

三维电子散斑干涉技术及其应用研究

通过大错位剪切镜和一作为参考物的压电陶瓷相移器将三个电子散斑干涉系统组成一新的三维电子散斑干涉系统。利用该系统，结合相移技术和图像处理技术，可得到独立的位移场(u,v和w场)。该技术的特点是用三个激光器作为光源，一个压电陶瓷相移器产生参考光并实现相移，CCD摄像机前放置大错位剪切镜以使物光和参考光产生干涉。将该技术应用到柴油发动机零部件测量上，得到了主轴承孔周的三维位移场。     

航空发动机内外涵道三维粘性流场的数值模拟

本文用数值模拟的方法,对某涡扇发动机从风扇入口到增压级出口以及整个外涵道的稳态流场进行了联算和分析,计算是在我们自主搭建的分布式平行网络平台上进行的。计算表明风扇叶片沿叶高马赫数变化较大,从叶根附近的0.56变化到叶顶的1.34。本文得出了比较详细的内外涵道流场的信息,为叶片优化设计以及气动声学评估提供了依据。     

Modeling and Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Two-Stage Combined Thermal Brownian Heat Engine

Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load.     

润滑油冷却液污染的拉曼光谱检测方法研究

对船舶柴油机而言,润滑油常受到冷却液的污染,引起润滑油劣化变质,从而导致其功能失效.冷却液的主要成分是水、乙二醇及少量的防腐蚀、抗穴蚀、消泡沫等添加剂.将拉曼光谱用于检测润滑油被冷却液污染的浓度,是一种针对复杂混合物的拉曼光谱检测问题,单个拉曼峰强度的定量分析方法无法满足浓度的定量检测.为此,将拉曼光谱分析和LSTM神...     

燃料敏感性对内燃机部分预混燃烧(PPC)光谱特性的影响研究

在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究了燃料敏感性(S)为0和6时对发动机缸内火焰发展和燃烧发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,通过改变喷油时刻(SOI=-25,-15和-5°CA ATDC)使燃烧模式从部分预混燃烧过渡到传统柴油燃烧模式。通过使用正庚烷、异辛烷、乙醇混合燃料来改变燃料敏感性。结果表明,在PPC模式下(-25°CA ATDC),火焰发展过程是从近壁面区域开始着火,而后向燃烧室中心发展,即存在类似火焰传播过程,同时在燃烧室下部未燃区域也形成新的着火自燃点。敏感性对燃烧相位影响较大,对缸内燃烧火焰发展历程影响较小;高敏感性燃料OH和CH带状光谱出现的时刻推迟,表明高敏感性燃料高温反应过程推迟,且光谱强度更低,表明碳烟辐射强度减弱。在PPC到CDC之间的过渡区域(-15°CA ATDC),燃烧火焰发光更亮,燃烧反应速率比-25°CA ATDC时刻的反应速率更快。高、低敏感性燃料对缸压放热率的影响规律与-25°CA ATDC相近,此时的燃烧反应更剧烈,放热率更高,碳烟出现时刻更早。该喷油时刻下的光谱强度高于PPC模式下的光谱强度,说明此时的CO氧化反应与碳烟辐...     

气液耦合振动对热声发动机性能的影响

进行了气液耦合振动驻波型热声发动机定量模拟.重点比较分析了单纯气体振动系统和引入[EMIM][BF_4]室温离子液体作为液体活塞的气液耦合振动系统的运行参数,并考察了液体活塞的质量对热声发动机谐振频率、压力振幅以及板叠热端温度等的影响.