Detection of Explosives Using Field‐Effect Transistors

The gate surfaces of ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor (ISFET) devices were functionalized with the π‐donor units, 6‐hydroxydopamine ( 1 ) or 4‐aminothiophenol ( 2 ). Concentration of trinitrotoluene, TNT, on the gate via π‐donor‐acceptor interactions yields charge‐transfer complexes that alter the gate potential. This enables the label‐free analysis of TNT with a detection limit corresponding to 1×10^?7 M.     

Metallophthalocyanine Based Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of 2′,3′‐Dideoxyinosine

Novel electrochemical sensors based on carbon paste impregnated with metallopthalocyanine (MPc, M=Co, Fe) complexes, have been constructed for the assay of anti‐HIV drug 2′,3′‐dideoxyinosine (didanosine, DDI). Both modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of dideoxyinosine in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with a working concentration range of 10^?6–10^?4 mol/L and a detection limit of 10^?7 mol/L magnitude order. The sensor proved to be highly reliable for the assay of the purity of DDI ‐ raw material as well as for the uniformity content test of Videx tablets.     

Voltammetric Antioxidant Analysis in Mineral Oil Samples Immobilized into Boron‐Doped Diamond Micropore Array Electrodes

Mineral oil microdroplets containing the model antioxidant N,N‐didodecyl‐N′,N′‐diethyl‐phenylene‐diamine (DDPD) are immobilized into a 100×100 pore‐array (ca. 10 μm individual pore diameter, 100 μm pitch) in a boron‐doped diamond electrode surface. The robust diamond surface allows pore filling, cleaning, and reuse without damage to the electrode surface. The electrode is immersed into aqueous electrolyte media, and voltammetric responses for the oxidation of DDPD are obtained. In order to further improve the current responses, 20 wt% of carbon nanofibers are co‐deposited with the oil into the pore array. Voltammetric signals are consistent with the oxidation of DDPD and the associated transfer of perchlorate anions (in aqueous 0.1 M NaClO₄) or the transfer of protons (in aqueous 0.1 M HClO₄). From the magnitude of the current response, the DDPD content in the mineral oil can be determined down to less than 1 wt% levels. Perhaps surprisingly, the reversible (or midpoint) potential for the DDPD oxidation in mineral oil (when immersed in 0.1 NaClO₄) is shown to be concentration‐dependent and to shift to more positive potential values for more dilute DDPD in mineral oil solutions. An extraction mechanism and the formation of a separate organic product phase are proposed to explain this behavior.     

Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Kinetic Investigation and Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic and Uric Acids

The present work explores, for the first time, the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid (AscH₂) and its determination in the presence of uric acid (UA) on the in situ activated 4‐nitrophthalonitrile modified carbon paste electrode. The kinetic constant κ for the catalytic reaction for the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid, evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and RDE voltammetry provided values around 10⁶ L mol^?1 s^?1. The sensor provided a linear response range for AscH₂ and UA from 5.0 up to 120.0 μmol L^?1 with detection limits of 1.6 μmol L^?1and 1.3 μmol L^?1, respectively. The sensor was applied for the simultaneous determination of AscH₂ and UA in urine samples and the average recoveries for these samples were 99.8 (±3.1)% and 99.9 (±2.1)%, respectively .     

A novel fiber optic ring-down interferometer for sensing

A ring-down interferometer (RDI) based on a modified Mach–Zehnder structure by incorporating a pair of mirrors with very high reflectivity into each of its two arms, respectively is proposed in this paper. Launching a coherent light pulse into the interferometer, in each arm, pulse ring-down occurs between its two mirrors and outputs a chain of pulses. The two chains of pulses from the two arms combine and interfere pulse by pulse at the detector and the difference of the light phase between the two arms will be enlarged linearly in proportion to the times of ring-down.     

A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micro-magneto-mechanics with applications to ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micromagnetics coupled with mechanics is devised to model the evolution of magnetic domain and martensite twin structures in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. The theory falls into the class of phase-field or diffuse-interface modeling approaches. In addition to the standard mechanical and magnetic balance laws, two sets of micro-forces and their associated balance laws are postulated; one set for the magnetization order parameter and one set for the martensite order parameter. Next, the second law of thermodynamics is analyzed to identify the appropriate material constitutive relationships. The proposed formulation does not constrain the magnitude of the magnetization to be constant, allowing for spontaneous magnetization changes associated with strain and temperature. The equations governing the evolution of the magnetization are shown to reduce to the commonly accepted Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations for the case where the magnetization magnitude is constant. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that under certain limiting conditions, the equations governing the evolution of the martensite-free strain are shown to be equivalent to a hyperelastic strain gradient theory. Finally, numerical solutions are presented to investigate the fundamental interactions between the magnetic domain wall and the martensite twin boundary in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. These calculations determine under what conditions the magnetic domain wall and the martensite twin boundary can be dissociated, resulting in a limit to the actuating strength of the material.     

Novel Optical Vibration Sensor Using External Cavity Feedback: Novel Optical Vibration Sensor Using External Cavity Feedback

A novel low cost, non-contact optical vibration sensor requiring only a single optoelectronic component has been developed. It consists of a continuous wave semiconductor laser operating with external optical feedback. Vibrations have been measured at frequencies of up to 600 Hz with target reflectivities lower than 5%. When calibrated, the sensor demonstrates satisfactory output for submicron vibration amplitudes. Accuracies of 0.2% have been obtained over a range of 1 mm.     

GF-2 PMS2与ZY-3 MUX多光谱传感器数据的交互对比

近年来随着我国新型国产高分影像的相继问世以及相关应用的逐步展开，不少研究涉及了不同国产高分影像多光谱数据之间的交互对比，但两种国产分辨率最高的GF-2 PMS2与ZY-3 MUX传感器多光谱数据之间的对比仍未见报道。为了使这两种国产主力高分辨率传感器的多光谱数据能够在实际应用中相互补充使用，发挥更大的作用，基于它们的3对同日过空影像，采用两种方法对其进行交互对比。第一种方法是对整个试验区采用逐像元光谱比较法进行对比，第二种是采用样区光谱均值比较法进行对比，即在试验影像上选择一系列的样区，然后以各样区的均值进行对比。通过对两种传感器同步影像对的表观反射率进行回归分析，获得各对应波段的回归散点图，查明它们之间的定量关系，并据此提出相互转换的关系方程。研究结果表明，两种对比方法得出的结果相一致，但使用样区光谱均值比较法进行交互对比的结果的准确性更高。GF-2 PMS2与ZY-3 MUX各对应波段具有很强的相关性，其线性回归方程的决定系数(R2)都大于0.9，但其值在蓝绿波段较高，在红光和近红外波段有所下降，表明两种传感器的表观反射率在蓝绿波段的一致性好于红光和近红外波段。总体上看，GF-2 PMS2的信号强于ZY-3 MUX，二者的信号差异在蓝、绿光波段较大，在红光和近红外波段较小，但却明显受到地物类型的影响。对于以裸土为主的影像，两种传感器之间的差异随着波长的增大而逐渐减小，而对于以植被为主的影像，二者之间的差异却随着波长的增大而逐渐增大。将纯植被与纯裸土的样区单独提取出来做进一步分析，结果表明，两种传感器的信号差异程度在红光波段主要受裸土影响，而在近红外波段则主要是受植被影响，且植被长势越旺盛，两种传感器的表观反射率差异越大。通过研究获得了两种传感器多光谱波段数据之间的相互转换方程，并对其进行验证，结果表明：经过转换后的GF-2 PMS2数据与ZY-3 MUX数据之间的差异大大减小，各波段均方根误差的均值降幅可达64.79%，平均相对偏差率也有明显的降低。这表明，所查明的两种传感器的定量关系是有效的，其对应波段的转换方程可以用于两种传感器数据的相互转换，经转换后的数据更有利于这两种传感器数据的协同使用。分析两种传感器数据的差异原因表明：二者数据的差异主要是由于它们的光谱响应函数的差异和空间分辨率的差异引起的。ZY-3 MUX的光谱响应函数曲线相对平缓，没有明显的起伏波动，而GF-2 PMS2则较不稳定，在四个波段呈现出程度不同的起伏变化，从而影响了二者表观反射率信号的一致性；而GF-2 PMS2具有的4 m空间分辨率明显高于ZY-3 MUX的6m空间分辨率，因此更容易捕捉到细小地物的光谱信息，这也使得二者信号出现不一致。     

Flexible Broad‐Range Pressure Sensors Enabled by Deformation‐Induced Conductive Channels in 3D Graphene Foam@Polydimethylsiloxane Composite for Precise Vibrational Signal Detection

Here we report the design and fabrication of high‐performance pressure sensors based on three‐ dimensional (3D) graphene foam filled polydimethylsiloxane (GF@PDMS) composite with a broad sensing range spaning from 0.05 kPa to 130 kPa. The interpretation of device functioning mechanism can be classified into low and high pressure sensing regions. In the low pressure region (<15 kPa), the pressure loading leads to the temporal connection of micro‐cracks in GF scaffold and forming conductive channels. In the high pressure region (15 kPa to 130 kPa), the pressure induced deformation of GF results in the better connections among micro‐cracks and the shortening of conductive pathway to further decrease the electrical resistance. The GF@PDMS sensors exhibited accuracy, sensibility and reproducibility to detect pressure signals with remarkable stability for over 16000 loading‐unloading cycles, indicating its great potential for practical applications. Moreover, the GF@PDMS sensors also showed high performances in the detection of dynamic pressures, such as subtle mechanical vibration signals, as well as physiology vibrational signals generated by human throats. We expect this technology could be integrated into different sensing systems for the applications in wearable smart electronics and human‐machine communications.