Mechanical model of lung parenchyma as a two-phase porous medium

The anatomy and geometry of the lung at the micro- and macroscopic level have been described briefly. A notion of lung parenchyma — a macroscopically continuous medium whose mechanical properties result from those of microstructural components — has been adapted. Simplifying assumptions propounded in the constitutive model have been discussed. Two phases have been distinguished in the medium: the solid phase — a highly deformable, nonlinearly elastic skeleton in the form of a thin-walled tissue structure on the micro-scale — and the fluid phase — perfect gas (air) filterating through the structure. General constitutive relations for both phases and their mechanical interactions have ben formulated. Further, the fundamental set of differential equations of the quasi-static coupled problem has been developed. Large deformations, material nonlinearities, and dependence of permeability on skeleton deformation have been included. Matrix formulation of the problem has been presented from the point of view of the finite element method. An implicit iterative time integration scheme has been proposed. The algorithm has been illustrated with results of simple numerical tests.     

Simultaneously Probing Two Ultrafast Condensed‐Phase Molecular Symmetry Breaking Events by Two‐Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy

In condensed phases, a highly symmetric gas‐phase molecule lowers its symmetry under perturbation of the solvent, which is vital to a variety of structural chemistry related processes. However, the dynamical aspects of solvent‐mediated symmetry‐breaking events remain largely unknown. Herein, direct evidence for two types of solvent‐mediated symmetry‐breaking events that coexist on the picosecond timescale in a highly symmetric anion, namely, hexacyanocobaltate, is presented: 1) an equilibrium symmetry‐breaking event in which a solvent‐bound species having lowered symmetry undergoes a population exchange reaction with the symmetry‐retaining species; 2) a dynamic symmetry‐breaking event that is composed of many dynamic population‐exchange reactions under fluctuating solvent interactions. Ultrafast two‐dimensional infrared spectroscopy is used to simultaneously observe and dynamically characterize these two events. This work opens a new window into molecular symmetry and structural dynamics under equilibrium and non‐equilibrium conditions.     

XFEL experiments: jitter of pump–probe time delays and pulse intensities

Jitter of XFEL signals due to fluctuations in shot‐to‐shot time delays and intensities are explored in the frame of a statistical theory of X‐ray diffraction from liquids. Deformed signals are calculated at different levels of pump–probe jitter. A new method is proposed to eliminate these distortions.     

基于等角度与等时间采样技术扫描成像系统

为满足扫描成像系统对图象配准精度,从理论上分析了在等时间采样方式下,遥感仪器对扫描系统速度稳定度的要求.探讨了等角度这一新型采样方式应用于未来遥感仪器的可行性.并将这两种采样方式成功应用于自行研制的短波红外成像仪.扫描图象表明等角度采样可以避免等时采样所产生的图象畸变.     

Restudy on Dark Matter Time-Evolution in the Littlest Higgs Model with T-Parity

Following previous study, in the littlest Higgs model （LHM）, the heavy photon is supposed to be a possiL dark matter candidate and its relic abundance of the heavy photon is estimated in terms of the Boltzman- Lee-Weinba time-evolution equation. The effect of the T-parity violation is also considered. Our calculations show that when Higmass MH taken to be 300 GeV and do not considering T-parity violation, only two narrow ranges 133 〈 MAH 〈 135 Ge and 167 〈 MAH〈 169 GeV are tolerable with the current astrophysical observation and if 135 〈 MAH 〈 167 GeV there must at least exist another species of heavy particle contributing to the cold dark matter. As long as the T-pari; can be violated, the heavy photon can decay into regular standard model particles and would affect the dark matt abundance in the universe, we discuss the constraint on the T-parity violation parameter based on the present dat Direct detection prospects are also discussed in some detail.     

Twice Scattered Particles in a Plane Are Uniformly Distributed

It was recently shown (Physica A 216:299–315, 1995) that in two dimensions the sum of three vectors each of whose lengths is exponentially distributed, whose direction is uniformly distributed and such that the sum of their lengths is l, is uniformly distributed on a disk of radius l. We state here this random walk result in terms of scattering of particles as follows: in two dimensions twice isotropically scattered particles by random (i.e., Poisson distributed) scatterers are uniformly distributed. We show that there is no other dimension d and no other number of scatterings s for which the corresponding result (i.e., uniform distribution on a d-dimensional sphere after s scatterings) holds.     

Microscopic Approach to Random Walks

In the present paper the microscopic approach to random walk models is introduced. For any particular model it provides a rigorous way to derive the transport equations for the macroscopic density of walking particles. Although it is not more complicated than the standard random walk framework it has virtually no limitations with respect to the initial distribution of particles. As a consequence, the transport equations derived with this method almost automatically give answers to such important problems as aging and two point probability distribution.     

基于近红外光谱实现心输出量无创检测的色素谱分析方法

针对当前临床上心输出量参数检测技术存在的有创伤、操作复杂和患者易受感染而死亡的问题,研究了一种基于近红外光谱原理,动态测量和分析作为指示剂的吲哚氰绿色素在患者动脉血液中的浓度变化情况,从而根据其特征参数实现心输出量连续测量的无创检测方法。将吲哚氰绿色素经肘静脉注入患者体内后,光电脉搏色素谱测量装置作为下位机,连续、同步采集和记录其指端处的805和940 nm两个特征波长点的脉搏波信号,并将数据上传至上位计算机,由后者绘制色素稀释和排泄的浓度衰减曲线,以及计算平均循环时间等关键参数,最后推导出心输出量的数值。将该方法与作为“金标准”的热稀释法的测量结果相比较,其最大相对误差为9.76%,而平均相对误差为4.39%。该试验结果表明,所提出的方法为临床上的心输出量检测,提供了一种操作简便、无创和连续测量的解决方案。     

Quantum state manipulation of single-Cesium-atom qubit in a micro-optical trap

Based on single Cesium atoims trapped in a 1064 nm microscopic optical trap we have exhibited a single qubit encoded in the Cesium ＂clock states＂. The single qubit initialization, detection and the fast state rotation with high efficiencies are demonstrated and this state manipulation is crucial for quantmn information processing. The ground ~ates Rabi flopping rate of 229.0 ± 0.6 kHz is realized hy a two-photon Raman process. A clock states dephasing time of 3.0 ± 0.7 ms is measured, while all irreversible homogeneous dephasing time of 124 ± 17 ms is achieved by using the spin-echo technique. This well-controlled single atom provides an ideal quantmn qubit and quantmn node for quantum information processing.