Viscoplastic flow and shear thickening in concentrated diblock copolymer solutions

Concentrated (typically 6%) solutions of a polystyrene-polyisoprene diblock copolymer in low viscosity paraffinic solvents form a micelle system by precipitating the polystyrene blocks, whereas the polyisoprene blocks are in solution. Besides viscoplastic behavior without thixotropy, this system exhibits a pronounced shear thickening in steady-state shear flow. The micelles are stable up to shear rates of more than 10⁵ s^–1. The properties of the solutions, especially the shear-thickening behavior, depend on the thermal history of the samples as well as on the solvent properties and are sensitive to flow field disturbances occurring in rotational viscometer devices with a profiled surface structure as commonly used to avoid wall slip in dispersed materials. The shear thickening is found to be related to the formation of a long-range ordered structure which also gives rise to the yield point. This long-range order enables aggregate flow with less energy dissipation at low shear rates. Shear-induced break-up of the aggregates appears as a shear-thickening transition which is observed in different types of flow fields.     

Unified sand modeling using associated or non-associated flow rule

A constitutive model for unified modeling of sand behavior was formulated in this study. The model is based on generalized plasticity and critical state mechanics. It incorporates a unique flow rule and a unique hardening modulus. The flow rule is a function of the void ratio and its deviation from an associated flow rule reduces with an increase in sand density. The hardening modulus allows the model to simulate a wide range of sand behavior even with an associated flow rule. With 13 material constants, most of which have definite physical meanings and are straightforward to calibrate using conventional element tests, the model can simulate the drained and undrained responses of sand over a large range of initial void ratios and confining pressures. In addition, the model can be readily degenerated to follow an associated flow rule. The associated-flow-model, which requires 11 material constants, can also reproduce the responses of medium-loose to dense sands when the confining pressure is modest. Although the associated-flow model is not capable of describing the bifurcation of sand responses before the failure surface is reached, it may have advantage in the numerical simulation of well-compacted earth structures like earthdams, embankments and retaining walls.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定食品塑料包装材料中二氧化钛

100mg已研磨的食品塑料包装材料,用硝酸4mL和硫酸3mL混合酸消解,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定所得试样溶液中二氧化钛的含量。选择336.122nm波长为钛的分析线,钛的质量浓度在25 mg·L~(-1)以内与其信号值呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为4.0mg·kg~(-1)。方法的加标回收率在93.6%～101.2%之间,相对标准偏差(n=8)小于1%。     

Passive Q-switch and mode-locking modulators for Nd:hosted lasers

Four kinds of currently available Nd:hosted laser passive Q-switch and mode-locking modulators: plastic dye sheet, LiF:F₂⁻ color center crystal, Cr⁺⁴ :YAG crystal and RG1000 colored glass filter were investigated in detail and summarized for comparison for the first time. The LiF:F₂⁻ crystal with outstanding annealability, long lifetime, low cost and operability at high repetition rates is highly recommended.     

Measuring thickness of translucent plastic by scanner

Thickness measurement is important in various engineering fields. The several methods have been used to measure the thickness. This work explains a novel method for measuring the thickness of translucent plastic materials using scanner. The plastic samples were scanned against a white and a black background and the RGB parameters of obtained images were used to measure the opacity. Then, the thickness was calculated using relationship between thickness and opacity of samples. The best thickness prediction was obtained using a 3rd polynomial regression with the XYZ parameter.     

Reorientations and random fields in plastic crystals

A simple Ising-like model is presented to describe the phase diagram of plastic crystals. In addition to a bilinear coupling between translations and rotations a reorientation-translation coupling is introduced via random fields which couple solely to rotational degrees of freedom. The physical basis of the reorientation-translation coupling is discussed using the rotational state hypothesis. The present approach is found to be consistent with some recent neutron experiments.     

On physical foundations of plasticity

Complexity of plastic response is caused by the fact that plastically deformed solids are composites with a changing structure. At the mesoscale (m) a pattern of high and low dislocation density regions is spontaneously formed. The evolution of the composite structures is treated as a consequence of the structuralization process governed by four types of mechanisms: (i) the overproduction of dislocation, (ii) the screening of their elastic fields, (iii) the formation of dipolar dislocation patterns, (iv) the instability transition leading to the formation of subgrain boundaries, dislocation grids, microshear bands, or persistent slip bands. The proposed theoretical model consists of the balance law for the dislocation density of stored dislocations, the relations which determine the average shape of glide dislocations, and the continuum mechanics equations for stress and strain. To demonstrate the capacity of the model some available solutions simulating the mesoscale structure evolution are briefly reviewed.

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Sommario La complessità della risposta plastica è dovuta al fatto che i solidi soggetti a deformazioni plastiche sono corpi compositi di struttura variabile. A mesoscala (m) si forma spontaneamente un insieme di regioni di alta e bassa densità di dislocazioni. Si tratta il comportamento delle strutture composite come conseguenza di un processo di strutturalizzazione governato da quattro tipi di meccanismi: (1) sovrapproduzione di dislocazioni; (2) la schermatura del loro campo elastico;(3) la formazione di tipi di dislocazioni dipolari;(4) transizione di instabilità. Il modello teorico proposto è composto dalle equazioni di bilancio per la densità di dislocazione delle dislocazioni immagazzinate, dalle relazioni che determinano l'andamento medio delle dislocazioni di scorrimento e dalle equazioni della meccanica dei continui per sforzi e deformazioni. Per controllare la validità del modello, si riesaminano brevemente alcune soluzioni conosciute che simulano l'evoluzione della struttura a mesoscala.

     

聚乙烯塑料包装材料中4种抗氧化剂向脂肪食品模拟物迁移的研究

本文基于超高效液相色谱建立了一种脂肪食品模拟物异辛烷中抗氧化剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(BHA)、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)、四[甲基-β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯]季戊四醇酯(Irganox1010)以及β-(4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苯基)丙酸正十八酯(Irganox1076)的提取检测方法,加标回收率在78.0%～108.7%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在4.0%～13.7%之间。研究了聚乙烯(PE)膜中抗氧化剂向异辛烷的迁移,讨论了温度及时间对迁移的影响,并根据迁移数据进行了初步的数学模型的建立,对实验值与数值模拟结果计算值作了对比分析。     

Orthotropic strain rate potential for the description of anisotropy in tension and compression of metals

In this paper, a macroscopic anisotropic strain rate potential, which can describe both the anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry of the plastic response of textured metals is derived. This strain rate potential is the exact work-conjugate of the anisotropic stress potential CPB06 of Cazacu et al. (2006). Application of the developed strain rate potential to HCP high-purity alpha-titanium is presented.     

Modeling pyrolysis kinetics of plastic mixtures

Modeling pyrolysis behavior of waste plastic mixtures is of importance for design and operation of reactors which convert these waste plastics into valuable chemicals. However, because of limited understanding of their degradation behavior even for single component plastic wastes, modeling degradation kinetics of plastic mixtures is a challenging task.In this work, we report modeling of binary and ternary mixture degradation kinetics of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP). A simple mixing rule approach was used with one cross-kinetic degradation parameter per each binary. Ternary kinetics were completely predictive and showed good agreement with the experimental data.