全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6036篇 |
免费 | 157篇 |
国内免费 | 588篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2534篇 |
晶体学 | 52篇 |
力学 | 412篇 |
综合类 | 6篇 |
数学 | 473篇 |
物理学 | 3304篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 62篇 |
2022年 | 60篇 |
2021年 | 61篇 |
2020年 | 108篇 |
2019年 | 97篇 |
2018年 | 107篇 |
2017年 | 135篇 |
2016年 | 165篇 |
2015年 | 180篇 |
2014年 | 274篇 |
2013年 | 620篇 |
2012年 | 262篇 |
2011年 | 502篇 |
2010年 | 361篇 |
2009年 | 426篇 |
2008年 | 410篇 |
2007年 | 412篇 |
2006年 | 349篇 |
2005年 | 251篇 |
2004年 | 250篇 |
2003年 | 203篇 |
2002年 | 190篇 |
2001年 | 166篇 |
2000年 | 170篇 |
1999年 | 135篇 |
1998年 | 128篇 |
1997年 | 88篇 |
1996年 | 75篇 |
1995年 | 93篇 |
1994年 | 71篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 60篇 |
1991年 | 43篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 36篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有6781条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
We report new shock-compression data for single-crystal MgO at 114 and 192 GPa. Our data together with the existing shock-wave data revealed a volume discontinuity at 170±10 GPa along with the MgO Hugoniot. The discontinuity gives a volume increase of 1.9%, indicating a possible phase transition from a rock-salt structure (B1) to a high-temperature phase along with the MgO Hugoniot. We re-examined the Hugoniot data on polycrystalline sample (Mg0.6, Fe0.4)O up to 200 GPa [M.S. Vassiliou, T.J. Ahrens, The equation of state of Mg0.6Fe0.4O to 200 GPa, Geophys. Res. Lett. 9 (1982) 127-130], which showed similar discontinuity with a 2.2% volume increase at 135±10 GPa. Our results add to fundamental understandings of the behavior of MgO and the lower mantle mineral magnesiowüstite (Mg, Fe)O at ultrahigh pressure and temperature. 相似文献
992.
Multicomponent systems may exhibit several critical points or no critical point at all. Local methods can find only one critical point for a given initial guess. Recently, several global methods have been proposed for finding all the solutions of the problem. In the present work, we propose a gradient-based calculation method using global optimization, with temperature and molar volume as primary variables, and with analytical partial derivatives calculated from a two-parameter cubic equation of state. The Tunneling global optimization method is used for finding all the global minima. The implementation is based on a unique feature of the Tunneling method, which is able to find efficiently and reliably multiple minima at the same level. Several mixtures from binaries to petroleum reservoir fluids are used to test the proposed method. Numerical experiments proved the efficiency and reliability of the Tunneling method for finding all mixture critical points. 相似文献
993.
Angel Marcos-Fernández Alberto Tena José G. de la Campa Laura Palacio Antonio Hernández 《European Polymer Journal》2010,46(12):2352-2364
Polyimides having long poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, moieties in the main chain have been synthesized by a classical two-steps polycondensation method with good yield and high molecular weight. In contrast with previous works on this topic, essentially full conversion of the polyamic acid to polyimide was attained by heating at relatively low temperatures (around 160 °C).These copolyimides undergo an increase of phase separation between the PEO part and the polyimide one after a thermal annealing. This phase separation increases gas separation properties of membranes made up of these copolymers. An exhaustive study of polymer properties as a function of the thermal treatment has been carried out in order to figure out the origin of this behavior. The analysis performed included TGA, DSC, SAXS and mechanical testing.The polymers studied in this paper have medium thermal stability. In fact, degradation of the polyether chain under nitrogen takes place at temperatures above 300 °C. However, their thermal stabilities were much lower under oxidant atmosphere. 相似文献
994.
Franz Weitzer Masaaki Naka Nataliya Krendelsberger Frank Stein Cuiyun He Yong Du Julius C. Schuster Prof. Dr. 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》2010,636(6):982-990
The constitution of the ternary system Ni/Si/Ti is investigated over the entire composition range using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and metallography. The solid state phase equilibria are determined for 900 °C. Eight ternary phases are found to be stable. The crystal structures for the phases τ1NiSiTi, τ2Ni4Si7Ti4, τ3Ni40Si31Ti13, τ4Ni17Si7Ti6, and τ5Ni3SiTi2 are corroborated. For the remaining phases the compositions are determined as Ni6Si41Ti53 (τ6), Ni16Si42Ti42(τ7), and Ni12Si45Ti43 (τ8). The reaction scheme linking the solid state equilibria with the liquidus surface is amended to account for these newly observed phases. The discrepancies between previous experimental conclusions and modeling results are addressed. The liquidus surface is dominated by the primary crystallisation field of τ1NiSiTi, the only congruently melting phase. 相似文献
995.
996.
Vincent K.S. Hsiao Alexander N. Cartwright Paras N. Prasad C. Allan Guymon 《European Polymer Journal》2010,46(5):937-943
A study of nanoporous polymer gratings, with controllable nanostructured porosity, as a function of grating performance, photopolymerization kinetics and morphology is presented. Modifying the standard holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) system, by including a non-reactive solvent, results in a layered, nanoporous morphology and produces reflective optical elements with excellent optical performance of broadband reflection. The addition of the non-reactive solvent in the pre-polymer mixture results in a morphology typified by void/polymer layer-by-layer structures if sufficient optical energy is used during the holographic writing process. The duration and intensity of optical exposure necessary to form well-aligned nanoporous structures can only be obtained in the modified system by (a) illumination under longer time of holographic interference patterning (30 min) or (b) illumination under very short time of holographic interference patterning (30 s) and followed by post-curing using homogeneous optical exposure for 60 min. Comparatively, a typical H-PDLC is formed in less than 1 min. To further understand the differences in the formation of these two analogous materials, the temporal dynamics of the photoinitiation and polymerization (propagation) kinetics were examined. It is shown herein that the writing exposure gives a cross-linked polymer network that is denser in the bright regions. With 60% (or even 45%) acrylate conversion, almost no free monomer would be left after the writing. Continued exposure serves primarily to add cross-links. This has the tendency to collapse the network, especially the less dense portions, which in effect get glued down to the more dense parts. To the extent that the solvent increases the mobility of the polymer network, this process will be aided. Equally important, the size of the periodic nanopores can be varied from 10 to 50 nm by controlling either the LC concentration in the pre-polymer mixture or by controlling the time of the homogeneous post-cure. 相似文献
997.
Dong Nyung Lee 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2011,72(11):1330-1333
When amorphous silicon films deposited on glass by physical or chemical vapor deposition are annealed, they undergo crystallization by nucleation and growth. The growth rate of Si crystallites is the highest in their 〈111〉 directions along or nearly along the film surface. The directed crystallization is likely to develop the 〈110〉//ND or 〈111〉//ND oriented Si crystallites. As the annealing temperature increases, the equiaxed crystallization increases, which in turn increases the random orientation. When amorphous Si is under a stress of the order of 0.1 GPa at about 540 °C, the tensile stress increases the growth rate of Si grains, whereas the compressive stress decreases the growth rate. However, the crystal growth rate increases with the increasing hydrostatic pressure, when the pressure is of the order of GPa at 530–540 °C. These phenomena have been discussed based on the directed crystallization model advanced before, which has been further elaborated. 相似文献
998.
Ji Sun Im Tae-Sung Bae Young-Seak Lee 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2011,72(10):1175-1179
ZrO2-embedded carbon fibers were prepared for use as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material by electrospinning and heat treatment methods. Structural changes were observed in the ZrO2 and in the carbon structures by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. During heat treatment, XRD analysis results revealed a transition from a monoclinic structure to a tetragonal structure in ZrO2 and a graphitization in the structural formation of carbon fibers was observed by Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that these structural changes in the ZrO2 and the carbon fibers improved the real and imaginary permittivities by a factor of more than 3.5. The EMI shielding efficiency (SE) improved along with the permittivity with higher treatment temperatures and greater amounts of embedded ZrO2; the highest average EMI SE achieved was 31.79 dB in 800-8500 MHz. The heat treatment played an important role in the improvements in the permittivity and in the EMI SE because of the heat-induced structural changes of the ZrO2-embedded electrospun carbon fibers. We suggest that the EMI shielding of the fibers is primarily due to the absorption of electromagnetic waves, which prevents secondary EMI by reflection of electromagnetic waves. 相似文献
999.
Wenxia Feng Shouxin Cui Haiquan Hu Guiqing Zhang Zengtao Lv 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2011,72(6):740-743
We theoretically studied the phase transformation, electronic and elastic properties of Ti3SiC2 ceramic by using the pseudopotential plane-wave method within the density functional theory. Our results demonstrate that there exists a structural phase transition from α‐Ti3SiC2 to β‐Ti3SiC2 under pressure up to 384 GPa, and α‐Ti3SiC2 is the most stable phase at zero pressure. The calculated electronic band structure and density of states reveal the metallic behavior for the polymorphs of Ti3SiC2. The mechanical stability of α‐Ti3SiC2 at zero pressure is confirmed by the elastic constants, and is analyzed in terms of electronic level. By analyzing the ratio between bulk and shear moduli, we conclude that α‐Ti3SiC2 is brittle in nature. 相似文献
1000.
A novel phase encoding technology for phase-code multiplexing in holographic data storage (HDS) system called two-dimensional shift-orthogonal random-interleaving (2-D SORI) phase encoding is proposed. Compared with the traditional one-dimensional orthogonal phase-code multiplexing methods, the 2-D method is less sensitive to the variations of the diffraction amplitude and to the phase error of the phase mask. Phase masks for the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing can be generated by shifting an elaborately designed phase plate at a certain step, which can avoid the use of a high-cost phase spatial light modulator for the generation of multiple orthogonal phase masks. The cross-talk arising from the systematic phase defects of the static phase modulator is eliminated by the shift operation of the phase plate. Phase codes are interleaved under a predetermined random mapping rule to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the data and eliminate the Bragg degeneration cross-talk. A 2-D SORI phase plate with the size of 5.12 mm × 10.24 mm is designed and fabricated, from which 128 orthogonal phase patterns are generated. The feasibility of the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing method for HDS is experimentally demonstrated. 相似文献