Rapid qualitative analysis of metallic alloys by electrospot chromatography

Summary Electrography and paper chromatography were combined to analyse rapidly metallic alloys in an almost non destructive technique. Using anodic dissolution the sample is applied on the start point of the chromatographic paper. Known ketones-HCl-water mixtures are usually used as solvents to analyse electrospots of different alloys and metal coatings and a separate electrospottest is recommended for Cr. Results of qualitative analysis of some steels, Cu–Ni, and Pb alloys are presented.     

Development of a laccase-based flow injection electrochemical biosensor for the determination of phenolic compounds and its application for monitoring remediation of Kraft E1 paper mill effluent

This paper describes the development of a new system for amperometric determination of phenolic compounds, and its application for monitoring these compounds in paper mill effluent. The method was based on a flow system, a dialysis sampler, and a laccase-based biosensor. The performance of this system was investigated with respect to pH, ionic strength, working potential, and flow-rate dependence. The biosensor showed an excellent long-term stability allowing measurements for over than 3 months. The sensitivity of laccase-based biosensor was tested for phenol, p-chlorophenol, guaiacol and chloroguaiacol; the detector presented selective measurements of micromolar concentration of these compounds. The integration of a dialysis membrane sampling in the system protected the biosensor surface from fouling and gave independence of sample conditions that commonly influence the biosensor performance. These favorable characteristics allowed its application for direct measurements in complex media with no sample pretreatment. This ability was confirmed employing this system in a continuous analysis of phenolic compounds during the remediation of paper mill effluent by ozonization process.     

Portable paper‐based device for quantitative colorimetric assays relying on light reflectance principle

This paper presents a novel paper‐based analytical device based on the colorimetric paper assays through its light reflectance. The device is portable, low cost (<20 dollars), and lightweight (only 176 g) that is available to assess the cost‐effectiveness and appropriateness of the original health care or on‐site detection information. Based on the light reflectance principle, the signal can be obtained directly, stably and user‐friendly in our device. We demonstrated the utility and broad applicability of this technique with measurements of different biological and pollution target samples (BSA, glucose, Fe, and nitrite). Moreover, the real samples of Fe (II) and nitrite in the local tap water were successfully analyzed, and compared with the standard UV absorption method, the quantitative results showed good performance, reproducibility, and reliability. This device could provide quantitative information very conveniently and show great potential to broad fields of resource‐limited analysis, medical diagnostics, and on‐site environmental detection.     

纸张保存的化学

讨论了纸张保存过程中的某些化学问题,对纸张的酸性、酸性来源和纤维系酸催化水解以及影响纸张变质的其它因素进行了分析,评述了近年来在纸张脱酸、脱色和利用新的浆内施胶剂等方面研究取得的一些成果。     

红外光谱在纤维质文物材料鉴别中的应用研究

纺织纤维和纸张纤维是常见纤维质文物材料, 是构成博物馆精美文物如服饰手稿书画的基本材料, 近年来寻求通过无损或微损方法对这一类材料的鉴别以及劣化状况评价备受文物鉴赏家和文物保护工作者的关注。借助傅里叶变换红外光谱, 研究博物馆常见纺织纤维材料棉、麻、桑蚕丝、柞蚕丝、羊毛的红外光谱特征和它们的分子结构组成异同, 研究传统纸纤维稻草、麦草、龙须草、龙旗松、桑皮红外光谱特征。结果表明: 衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱无损分析技术可通过比较3 300～2 800 cm-1 CH, NH, OH振动区间光谱形状以及指纹区峰位以区别不同种类纺织品纤维;碳氧振动纸张纤维最明显光谱差异位置出现在与纤维素OH伸缩振动相关波数3 300 cm-1和与C—O—C相关波数1 332, 1 203, 1 050 cm-1。文章探索研究红外光谱技术结合主成分分析法在快速鉴别纤维材料中的应用。通过对全光谱数据多元散射校正(MSC)预处理后进行主成分分析, 可以把红外光谱十分相似的纺织纤维棉和亚麻、桑蚕丝和柞蚕丝明显分类;对光谱相似的纸纤维, 可采用选择不同光谱波数段进行主成分分析, 比较发现能够把五种纸纤维明显区分的光谱区间为3 800～2 800 cm-1。本研究为分子光谱无损分析技术应用于文物材料鉴别、科学评估纤维材料保存状况提供基础研究。     

线激光辅助的皮带撕裂视觉检测方法

为了快速、准确地检测出输送机皮带工作时发生的纵向撕裂事故,提出了一种基于线激光的视觉检测方法.“一”字线激光器向皮带底面投射直线激光条纹,使用CCD相机获取图像并提取出光条中心,通过分析光条中心畸变特征来判断皮带表面是否存在撕裂.首先采用阈值法对激光条纹进行分割;然后在光条区域上利用重心法实现光条中心的粗略提取;最后利...     

两性P（DMC／AM／AA）纸张增强剂的合成和应用

研究了聚（甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵－∞－丙烯酰胺－∞－丙烯酸）（Ｐ（ＤＭＣ／ＡＭ／ＡＡ））纸张增强剂的合成，结构和性能，这种两性聚丙烯酰胺和纸纤维能够用过离子键和配位络合作用，形成比较均一的交联网络，使纸张干强度和撕裂度明显增加，滤水时间显著缩短。     

Hg diffusion in books of XVIII and XIX centuries by synchrotron microprobe

The pigment vermilion (HgS) was used to color the fore edge, tail and head of books. Dissemination and quantification of Hg present in the ink used to color books from XVIII and XIX centuries are reported. Mercury is a very toxic element for the human body, therefore it is extremely important to know whether Hg tends to disseminate throughout the paper or stays confined to the borders of the books with less danger for readers. Synchrotron X-ray microprobe was used to evaluate Hg dissemination from the border to the centre of the paper sheet. The diffusion pattern of Hg was compared with the results obtained by a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and mean quantitative calculations were obtained by a stationary X-ray fluorescence system with triaxial geometry. The results showed high concentrations of Hg in the external regions, but no diffusion was observed for the inner parts of the paper.     

Mass deacidification and reinforcement of papers and books VI - Study of aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane treated papers

In libraries and archives some of the items which, upon ageing, have acidified considerably since their production are so brittle that they cannot be handled without risking loss of material. In contrast to current deacidification processes, aminoalkylakoxysilanes (AAAS) improve the mechanical properties of paper. A simple AAAS, aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (AMDES) was used as a model to better understand previous observations made on these systems (hydrolysis, condensation and possible reactions with the organic substrate). The evaluation of the mechanical properties of papers that were treated with AMDES showed that there was no formation of a polymer network on the fibres’ surface. However, treated papers not only exhibited a high alkaline reserve, but also a significant increase in both their tensile breaking length and their folding endurance. Treatment of hygrothermally aged papers with AMDES provided improved folding endurance as well as a good resistance to ageing. Various oxidation treatments of the model papers using sodium hypochlorite led to the conclusion that the nature of the oxidised groups formed on cellulose did not seem to play a significant role in the strengthening mechanism but rather that this effect of AMDES mainly arose from hydrogen bonding between the two molecules.     

Paper coatings with multi-scale roughness evaluated at different sampling sizes

Papers have a complex hierarchical structure and the end-user functionalities such as hydrophobicity are controlled by a finishing layer. The application of an organic nanoparticle coating and drying of the aqueous dispersion results in an unique surface morphology with microscale domains that are internally patterned with nanoparticles. Better understanding of the multi-scale surface roughness patterns is obtained by monitoring the topography with non-contact profilometry (NCP) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) at different sampling areas ranging from 2000 μm × 2000 μm to 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm. The statistical roughness parameters are uniquely related to each other over the different measuring techniques and sampling sizes, as they are purely statistically determined. However, they cannot be directly extrapolated over the different sampling areas as they represent transitions at the nano-, micro-to-nano and microscale level. Therefore, the spatial roughness parameters including the correlation length and the specific frequency bandwidth should be taken into account for each measurement, which both allow for direct correlation of roughness data at different sampling sizes.