大质量钨合金动能块高速侵彻超高强度钢靶作用特性

为研究超高强度钢靶抗大质量钨合金动能块的侵彻性能及破坏特性,基于弹道炮开展了215 g圆柱形钨合金动能块高速侵彻半无限超高强度G50钢靶和低强度45钢靶试验,获得了不同速度侵彻下两种钢靶的侵彻深度和成坑体积。试验表明,不同于低强度钢靶的近似圆柱体成坑特性,钨合金动能块侵彻超高强度钢靶时,在靶板内形成了类锥形弹坑,成坑侧面和坑底均有拉伸崩落裂纹;分析了超高强度钢靶的侵彻破坏特性,指出侵彻过程中钨合金动能块局部破碎引起靶板内的卸载拉伸剥落和动能块的侵彻锐化行为联合导致了类锥体弹坑的形成。通过数值模拟验证了超高强度钢靶的高速侵彻破坏机制。     

开拓创新 精益求精

<正>中国船舶重工集团公司第十二所标准物质研究室是国家冶金标准样品定点研制单位(证书号为:BKRK25-2009)和国家有色标准样品会员单位,拥有独特的金属材料标准物质均匀化制备技术优势,主要研制开发铸造金属材料光谱分析用标准物质和成分分析标准物质,广泛应用于兵器、航空、航天、船舶、冶金、机械等行业。北京、上海、沈阳、武汉、济南等全国各大城市均有代理销售单位。发展目标:成为中国金属材料标准物质制备基地及国防特种合金标准物质研究试验中心。     

Ni-Fe合金泡沫的制备及电解水析氧性能研究（英文）

NiFe羟基氧化物及其氢氧化物是一种有效的、含量丰富的且廉价的析氧反应催化剂。然而,这类催化剂有着不可避免的缺陷—易脱落,严重影响了它的长期稳定性,因而阻碍了其工业应用;同时,导电性不高导致了其在析氧反应时较高的过电位。本文采用共电沉积法和模板去除法,利用聚氨酯海绵作为模板,电沉积了不同Fe含量的NiFe合金泡沫用于催化析氧反应,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别表征了NiFe合金泡沫的物理性质,表明催化剂中Ni和Fe元素的存在及其分布均匀,形成了多孔NiFe合金。通过循环伏安法(CV)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)、I-t等测试了其OER性能。含铁量为30%的NiFe合金泡沫在过电位为292 mV即可产生10 mA/cm²的电流密度,Tafel斜率为126.12 mV/decade,且具有良好的长期稳定性。由于没有任何复杂的电极制备方法和黏合剂,本文所研究的NiFe合金泡沫非常适用于作为工业碱性介质中电解水的阳极材料。     

中间相Si-Cu合金作为锂离子电池负极材料的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理平面波赝势法,对中间相Si-Cu合金作为锂离子电池负极材料的嵌脱锂机理进行研究.结果表明,4个Si-Cu合金相中Si0.125Cu0.875合金相具有最低的体积膨胀系数及最低的嵌锂电位,导电性在4个合金相中排第二位,具有最佳的电化学综合性能.     

PtRuAgCoNi高熵合金纳米颗粒高效电催化氧化5-羟甲基糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的电催化氧化被认为是合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)最环保、经济和有效的方法之一,它可作为聚呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)的生物基前体。在这项工作中,我们通过低温溶剂热法合成了PtRuAgCoNi高熵合金纳米颗粒,并在不改变颗粒结构和组成的情况下进行了简易的处理以去除表面活性剂。负载在碳载体上的合金纳米催化剂无论是否含有表面活性剂在HMF电催化氧化为FDCA的过程中都表现出比商业Pt/C更好的催化性能。且表面活性剂的去除可以进一步提高其电催化性能,表明高熵合金纳米粒子在电催化和绿色化学中具有广阔的应用前景。     

介孔钯-硼合金纳米颗粒的制备和甲醇氧化电催化性能北大核心CSCD

合金化可以调节贵金属纳米材料的物理化学性质,从而显著提升它们的电催化性能。尽管合金化在过去的20多年里已取得诸多成果,但是如何充分发挥纳米合金的组分优势仍需深入的探究。本研究通过一步溶液相合成法实现了类金属硼(B)合金化的钯基介孔纳米催化剂材料的合成,同时探究了B原子的组分优势和介孔形貌的结构优势在碱性介质中电化学甲醇氧化反应(MOR)的协同作用。最优PdCuB介孔纳米催化剂表现出优异的电化学MOR活性和稳定性。机理研究表明,优异的催化活性源于B原子在Pd基介孔纳米催化剂中的积极协同作用;该协同作用通过电子效应(改变Pd的表面电子结构从而减弱CO基中间体的吸附)和双功能效应(促进OH_(2)的吸附从而氧化CO基中间体)在动力学上加速了有毒CO基中间体的去除(提高甲醇氧化的决速步骤)。同时,B原子的间隙插入和介孔结构抑制了物理奥斯特瓦尔德(Ostwald)熟化过程,显著增加了催化剂的稳定性。     

铝对铸态Mg-9Gd-2Nd合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究了铸态Mg-9Gd-2Nd-xAl(x=0,0.4%,0.8%,1.2%,质量分数)合金的物相和显微组织,采用拉伸试验机和布氏硬度计测试了合金的力学性能。结果表明：铸态Mg-9Gd-2Nd合金由α-Mg基体和沿晶界分布的Mg₅Gd和Mg₄₁Nd₅第二相组成,加入Al元素后,合金中产生了新相Al₂Gd和Al₂Nd,组织明显细化,当Al添加量为0.8%时,合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度、硬度和延伸率分别为193.2 MPa,157.1 MPa,91.6 HBW和3.7%。随着Al元素含量的增加,合金的断裂方式有向韧性断裂转变的趋势。     

钯合金膜分离纯化氢同位素的研究进展

钯合金膜因其具有优异的透氢性能及良好的化学和热稳定性,已被广泛应用于氢同位素的分离纯化领域。而PdAg和PdY合金膜在众多钯合金膜中透氢性能出色备受关注。本文比较了PdAg、PdY等多元钯合金膜的透氢性能及抗中毒情况,总结了PdAg复合膜的制备方法及透氢选择性,重点介绍了钯合金膜分离氢同位素的研究进展,并对钯合金膜的未来研究方向进行展望。     

高熵纳米合金在电化学催化中的应用

The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO₂ reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs.     

稀世之宝—铂*

铂是一种化学性质极其稳定的贵金属,铂、铂合金以及铂配合物在催化剂、医药、传感器等领域具有重要应用。简要介绍铂的发现史、自然分布与资源现状、铂的应用等3个方面,其中铂的应用,重点从铂基催化剂、铂合金纳米材料、发光铂配合物、铂类抗癌药物等4个方面展开介绍。