Green-solvent Processable Dopant-free Hole Transporting Materials for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) urgently requires the development of green-solvent processable dopant-free hole transporting materials (HTMs). However, strong intermolecular interactions that ensure high hole mobility always compromise the solubility and film-forming ability in green solvents. Herein, we show a simple but effective design strategy to solve this trade-off, that is, constructing star-shaped D-A-D structure. The resulting HTMs (BTP1-2) can be processed by green solvent of 2-methylanisole (2MA), a kind of food additive, and show high hole mobility and multiple defect passivation effects. An impressive efficiency of 24.34 % has been achieved for 2MA-processed BTP1 based inverted PVSCs, the highest value for green-solvent processable HTMs so far. Moreover, it is manifested that the charge separation of D-A type HTMs at the photoinduced excited state can help to passivate the defects of perovskites, indicating a new HTM design insight.     

Hybrid Vesicles Enable Mechano-Responsive Hydrogel Degradation

Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are intriguing biomimetic materials. Previous efforts to develop mechano-responsive hydrogels have mostly relied on chemical modifications of the hydrogel structures. Here, we present a simple, generalizable strategy that confers mechano-responsive behavior on hydrogels. Our approach involves embedding hybrid vesicles, composed of phospholipids and amphiphilic block copolymers, within the hydrogel matrix to act as signal transducers. Under mechanical stress, these vesicles undergo deformation and rupture, releasing encapsulated compounds that can control the hydrogel network. To demonstrate this concept, we embedded vesicles containing ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, into a calcium-crosslinked alginate hydrogel. When compressed, the released EGTA sequesters calcium ions and degrades the hydrogel. This study provides a novel method for engineering mechano-responsive hydrogels that may be useful in various biomedical applications.     

Porphyrin Supramolecule as Surface Carrier Modulator Imparts Hole Transporter with Enhanced Mobility for Perovskite Photovoltaics

Modulating the surface charge transport behavior of hole transport materials (HTMs) would be as an potential approach to improve their hole mobility, while yet realized for fabricating efficient photovoltaic devices. Here, an oxygen bridged dimer-based monoamine Fe^III porphyrin supramolecule is prepared and doped in HTM film. Theoretical analyses reveal that the polaron distributed on dimer can be coupled with the parallel arranged polarons on adjacent dimers. This polaron coupling at the interface of supramolecule and HTM can resonates with hole flux to increase hole transport efficiency. Mobility tests reveal that the hole mobility of doped HTM film is improved by 8-fold. Doped perovskite device exhibits an increased efficiency from 19.8 % to 23.2 %, and greatly improved stability. This work provides a new strategy to improve the mobility of HTMs by surface carrier modulation, therefore fabricating efficient photovoltaic devices.     

Polymeric Carbon Nitride with Chirality Inherited from Supramolecular Assemblies

The facile synthesis of chiral materials is of paramount importance for various applications. Supramolecular preorganization of monomers for thermal polymerization has been proven as an effective tool to synthesize carbon and carbon nitride-based (CN) materials with ordered morphology and controlled properties. However, the transfer of an intrinsic chemical property, such as chirality from supramolecular assemblies to the final material after thermal condensation, was not shown. Here, we report the large-scale synthesis of chiral CN materials capable of enantioselective recognition. To achieve this, we designed supramolecular assemblies with a chiral center that remains intact at elevated temperatures. The optimized chiral CN demonstrates an enantiomeric preference of ca. 14 %; CN electrodes were also prepared and show stereoselective interactions with enantiomeric probes in electrochemical measurements. By adding chirality to the properties transferrable from monomers to the final product of a thermal polymerization, this study confirms the potential of using supramolecular precursors to produce carbon and CN materials and electrodes with designed chemical properties.     

Multimodal Self-sustainable Autonomous Locomotions of Light-driven Seifert Ribbon Actuators based on Liquid Crystal Elastomers

Multimodal self-sustainable autonomous locomotions integrated into one individual system, are high-level intelligent behavioral characteristics of living organisms and are the scientific hotspot of bionic soft actuators. Here, we report a light-fueled soft actuator with multimodal self-sustainable movements based on a Seifert ribbon bounded by a Hopf link. The Seifert ribbon actuator can self-sense the illumination area adjustment, and the actuation component becomes either a discontinuous strip-like structure or a continuous toroidal structure, which can realize adaptive switches between self-sustained oscillatory and rotary motions. The two motion modes are applied to the self-oscillatory piezoelectric generation and self-rotational work multiplication of cargo transport, respectively. The unique smartness of Seifert surface topology advances the level of actuation intelligence with broad implications for the adaptability, multifunctionality, and autonomy of soft robots.     

The selective and enhanced adsorptive behaviors of supramolecular recrystallized 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid assembled nano-bacterial cellulose

The effluent discharge produced in the textile printing and dyeing, leather and other fields, will cause the irreversible environmental pollution and extremely threatening safety of living organisms. The appropriate and efficient disposal method of dyestuff originated wastewater has been widely concerned in the past decades. In this study, the recrystallization of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid (RCTMA) was put forward via a hydrothermal method to form the supramolecular RCTMA-based hexamer and thereafter assembled into the porous nano-bacterial cellulose (NBC) to construct the RCTMA@NBC composite. The morphology and surface properties of RCTMA@NBC were examined by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This RCTMA@NBC was employed to adsorb methylene blue (MB) adjusting the pH, temperature, and dosage of adsorbent. The result showed the maximal absorption capacity of RCTMA@NBC appeared under pH = 7.1 and higher temperature will hinder the adsorption of dyes. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms and kinetics were evaluated which was more confirmed to Langmuir model and quasi-second-order kinetic equation, and the simulated maximum adsorption capacities of MB was 1162.12 mg/g. Moreover, cationic golden XGL and anionic brilliant crocein were selected to further verify the distinct adsorptive behavior. The excellent affinity towards cationic dyes proved the easy combination was based on the chemical force originated from mutual attraction between opposite charges, π–π interactions, and H-bonding, whereas the poor attraction for brilliant crocein was due to the electrostatic repulsion between sulfonic and carboxyl groups. The synthesized RCTMA@NBC possesses higher efficiency and selective adsorption, which exhibits the promising potential in the field of precise treatment of organic dye wastewater.     

不同封装材料的中功率GaN基LED器件老化分析

针对中功率蓝光及相应的白光LED器件进行加速老化实验,并具体分析了器件中硅胶和绿红混合荧光粉等封装材料对老化行为的影响和失效机理。在测试器件的光电老化行为之后,利用反射光谱和飞行时间二次离子质谱对失效器件进行了结构分析。结果表明,温度和湿度对蓝光和白光器件老化行为具有不同的影响。对于中功率蓝光LED而言,其光衰的主要原因是由于S、Cl等元素的引入及氧化等因素引起的黄化导致了透明硅胶反射率的下降。而对于绿红混合荧光粉组成的中功率白光LED来说,其光衰和色漂问题主要归结于在高温特别是高湿环境下工作,器件中荧光粉和硅胶等封装材料发生了一些化学反应,使荧光粉发生分解,并引起了荧光转换效率的下降。     

Co γ-ray irradiation effect and degradation behaviors of a carbon nanotube and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) nanocomposites

This paper describes the process of manufacturing a new nanocomposite material, which involves adding a carbon nanotube (CNT) to improve EVA's physical characteristics such as weak radiation resistance and thermal properties. We irradiated the prepared samples with doses of 50 kGy, 100 kGy and 200 kGy at a dose rate of 5 kGy/h and examined their thermogravimetric characteristics, activation energy, degradation progress, and CNT dispersion using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), chemiluminescence (CL), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Experimental results indicated that the samples with a CNT had higher DTG 2nd peak temperatures than those without a CNT. Activation energy of the samples reduced as the irradiation dose and the CNT content increased. In the second CL experiment, the CL intensity rapidly declined as the temperature, irradiation dose and the CNT content increased. Finally, examination of the fracture surfaces in the FESEM experiment indicated that the lamella structure of the EVA changed as the irradiation dose increased. We were also able to observe that samples with a CNT were aggregated and dispersed in numerous lumps.     

Thermal behaviors of petn base polymer bonded explosives

The thermal behaviors of three pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) base polymer bonded explosives (PBX), Detasheet A (EL506A, red) and Datasheet C (EL506C, yellow-green) that supply by DuPont Co., PBXN-301 were investigated using thermal techniques in this work. The thermal properties of PETN base polymer bonded explosives, such as vacuum thermal stability (VTS), time to ignition, auto-ignition and shelf life of PBX that calculation from Arrhenius equation by the length of time for 5% decomposition were also examined. By comparing the thermal properties, VTS and shelf life of PETN base polymer bonded explosives, the application and storage of Datasheet C (EL506C, yellow-green) should be considered carefully, owing to the ingredients of Datasheet C (EL506 C, yellow-green) containing nitrocellulose. Binders that using in this study seems play no significant effect on the decomposition for polymer bonded explosives, because the decomposition temperature of binders is always higher than that of PETN.     

Thermal Behavior,Nonisothermal Decomposition Reaction Kinetics of Mixed Ester Double-base Gun Propellants

The thermal decomposition behavior and nonisothermal reaction kinetics of the double-base gun propellants containing the mixed ester of triethyleneglycol dinitrate（TEGDN） and nitroglycerin（NG） were investigated by thermogravimetry（TG） and differential thermogravimetry（DTG）, and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） under the high-pressure dynamic ambience. The results show that the thermal decomposition processes of the mixed nitric ester gun propellants have two mass-loss stages. Nitric ester evaporates and decomposes in the first stage, and nitrocellulose and centralite II（C2） decompose in the second stage. The mass loss, the DTG peak points, and the terminated temperatures of the two stages are changeable with the difference of the mass ratio of TEGDN to NG. There is only one obvious exothermic peak in the DSC curves under the different pressures. With the increase in the furnace pressure, the peak temperature decreases, and the decomposition heat increases. With the increase in the content of TEGDN, the decomposition heat decreases at 0.1 MPa and rises at high pressure. The variety of mass ratio of TEGDN to NG makes few effect on the exothermic peak temperatures in the DSC curves at different pressures. The kinetic equation of the main exothermal decomposition reaction of the gun propellant TG0601 was determined as： dα/dt=1021.59（1-α）3e-2.60×104/T. The reaction mechanism of the process can be classified as chemical reaction. The critical temperatures of the thermal explosion（Tbe and Tbp） obtained from the onset temperature（Te） and the peak temperature（Tp） are 456.46 and 473.40 K, respectively. ΔS≠, ΔH≠, and ΔG≠ of the decomposition reaction are 163.57 J·mol^-1·K^-1, 209.54 kJ·mol^-1, and 133.55 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.