Identification of Heterogeneous Constitutive Parameters in a Welded Specimen: Uniform Stress and Virtual Fields Methods for Material Property Estimation

Local strain data obtained throughout the entire weld region encompassing both the weld nugget and heat affected zones (HAZs) are processed using two methodologies, uniform stress and virtual fields, to estimate specific heterogeneous material properties throughout the weld zone. Results indicate that (a) the heterogeneous stress–strain behavior obtained by using a relatively simple virtual fields model offers a theoretically sound approach for modeling stress–strain behavior in heterogeneous materials, (b) the local stress–strain results obtained using both a uniform stress assumption and a simplified uniaxial virtual fields model are in good agreement for strains ɛ _xx < 0.025, (c) the weld nugget region has a higher hardening coefficient, higher initial yield stress and a higher hardening exponent, consistent with the fact that the steel weld is overmatched and (d) for ɛ _xx > 0.025, strain localization occurs in the HAZ region of the specimen, resulting in necking and structural effects that complicate the extraction of local stress strain behavior using either of the relatively simple models.

Shear horizontal waves in transversely inhomogeneous plates

Shear horizontal (SH) waves in free and clamped monoclinic plates with an arbitrary inhomogeneity across the plate are considered. Firstly, some general properties of dispersion spectra of, specifically, the SH waves are pointed out. Secondly, analytical and numerical modeling of the SH dispersion branches is presented. Closed-form estimations are compared with exact curves computed for a free plate with continuously varying properties.     

基于牛顿迭代法高温光谱温度和发射率的反演研究

针对基于光谱数据进行温度与发射率分离过程中存在的n个方程包含n+1个未知数这一欠定问题,提出利用牛顿迭代法来实现材料表面真温及发射率的反演计算,通过给定温度和发射率初值,利用泰勒级数的线性项建立迭代公式,通过迭代得到温度和发射率的近似解。分别利用理论热辐射谱和腔黑体的实验数据进行验证,结果表明,任意给定温度和发射率初值均可获得与真实温度接近的计算温度值,相对误差小于0.09。发射率反演结果与真实发射率线形一致,当温度和发射率初值越接近真实温度和发射率时,发射率反演结果越精确。该方法消除了发射率假定模型限制,有望应用于高温及超高温下各种材料真实温度和光谱发射率研究。     

离子液体限域于硅胶纳米孔道中的电化学行为研究(英文)

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了硅胶包载咪唑类离子液体修饰电极,研究其与体相离子液体不同的伏安行为;另一方面,制备不同离子液体含量为15% ~ 28%的包载离子液体硅胶和涂覆离子液体硅胶,用电化学阻抗研究其在20 ^oC到80 ^oC下电导率的变化情况. 异常的电化学行为主要表现在：1)硅胶包载离子液体导致Fc/Fc⁺电对的半波电位正移63.5 ~ 200 mV;2)当离子液体限域于硅胶纳米孔道中时,离子液体的电化学稳定性变差;3)包载离子液体硅胶的电导率要比涂覆离子液体的电导率高29.6% ~ 136%. 由此推断,可能是由于离子液体充满硅胶孔腔和孔道从而形成了纳米网状的离子液体导电介质. 这些结果表明,硅胶包载离子液体不仅可以作为修饰电极的优良载体,而且也有助于理解离子液体限域于硅胶纳米孔道中的限域效应.     

Ge衬底上GaInP2 材料的生长研究

采用自制的低压金属有机化学汽相淀积LP-MOCVD设备, 在(100)面偏(110)面 9°的Ge单晶衬底上外延生长了GaInP2材料,研究了生长温度 、Ⅴ/Ⅲ比、生长速率等生长参数对GaInP2材料的表面形貌和固相组分的影响.结果表明,当GaInP2材料的生长温度为650～680℃,生长速率为25～35 nm/min,Ⅴ/Ⅲ为180～220时,获得了满足级联电池的GaInP2材料.     

金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化效应

开展金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义. 材料辐照损伤效应主要包括材料原子移位产生的辐照缺陷以及由核反应产生的氢、氦等气体杂质对材料性能的影响. 金属材料的辐照效应主要包括辐照硬化、辐照脆化和辐照蠕变等. 该文主要综述在低温(T < 0.3 T_m, T_m 是材料的熔点温度) 和低辐照剂量下, 由原子移位损伤产生的辐照缺陷所导致的辐照硬化行为, 即受辐照缺陷的影响, 材料的强度会升高. 材料的晶粒尺寸、晶界以及温度等因素对多晶材料的辐照硬化具有重要影响. 金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化研究是个多尺度问题, 其宏观力学性能既取决于微观尺度上辐照缺陷导致晶粒内部结构的变化, 也取决于细观尺度上晶粒间的相互作用. 该文从实验结果、数值模拟和理论模型三方面综述金属材料力学性能的辐照硬化研究进展. 在此基础上, 展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题.      

Al0.2Co1.5CrFe1.2Ni1.5TiC0.4高熵合金的微观组织、力学与高温摩擦学性能

通过引入碳元素,设计了一种以原位形成的碳化物为增强相的高熵合金Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4),并采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术成功制备了这种高熵合金.采用XRD、SEM、EDS、万能材料试验机和高温摩擦磨损试验机等研究了微观组织、力学性能和室温至800℃下的摩擦学性能.结果表明:Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4)高熵合金由面心立方(FCC)结构的高熵固溶体基体相和弥散分布的TiC陶瓷相组成.FCC相使高熵合金具有良好的塑性和韧性,而TiC增强相赋予了高熵合金高的硬度和强度.随着温度的升高,高熵合金的摩擦系数和磨损率均具有逐渐减小的趋势.在800℃时,鉴于摩擦氧化作用,在磨损表面形成了致密的氧化物釉质层,起到了良好的减摩抗磨作用,使高熵合金表现出了优异的高温摩擦学性能.     

基于顾客低碳行为偏好的选址-路径-库存集成优化模型与算法

针对自愿减排驱动下的顾客低碳行为偏好对选址-路径-库存决策的影响进行研究。首先推导了顾客低碳行为偏好下的市场需求函数和价格函数,并构建了考虑单位产品碳排放量和经济成本的多目标选址-路径-库存优化模型,通过对多目标优化模型的求解可得碳排放量和经济成本间的Pareto解集。在此基础上,定义了碳配额税的概念,可得顾客低碳行为偏好和碳配额税下的总收益函数。最后通过数值分析给出了自愿减排和监管减排两种机制共同作用下的企业减排方案和灵敏度分析。     

Thermal Analysis of Vertical Upward Flame Spread and Dripping Behaviors of Polystyrene Foams at Different Altitudes

In order to reveal the effect of altitude on the flame spread and dripping behaviors of PS foams a series of upward flame spread experiments was carried out on the plateau area of Lhasa and the plain area of Hefei. It was found that, during the flame spread process, extinction occurred on the plateau for expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) foams while, on the plain, the flame spread could be well sustained and, at longer times, even acceleration was observed. Due to the increase of smoke generation, resulting in decreases of the flame heat flux and oxygen concentration in air entrainment on the plateau, the burning and heat transfer were not efficient in Lhasa, making extinction occur. A larger angle for the pyrolysis front of EPS and XPS on the plateau was another important factor promoting extinction. The mass of dripping PS in the pool fire zone was also studied for different thicknesses of PS at the two altitudes. The maximum dripping mass of EPS or XPS was much larger for thicknesses of 4 cm and 5 cm than for 2 cm and 3 cm, attributed to the melting PS dripping to the pool fire zone directly making the effect of attaching to the wall weaken.     

Abwärme als Energiequelle

Die Verstromung von Abwärme ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz vieler Prozesse. Hierfür bietet die Thermoelektrik große Vorteile in Bezug auf Systemkomplexität, Wartungsfreiheit und Langzeitstabilität. In den letzten Jahren wurden neue, effizientere thermoelektrische Materialien entwickelt. Auch die Aufbautechnik wurde verbessert. Auf dieser Basis werden nun thermoelektrische Module in Systemen verschiedener Anwendungen erprobt. Dazu zählen Fahrzeuge, Blockheizkraftwerke und die industrielle Abwärmenutzung zum Beispiel in Stahlwerken. Durch Produktion im industriellen Maßstab kann die Thermoelektrik zukünftig so wirtschaftlich werden, dass sie auf vielen Anwendungsgebieten einen spürbaren Beitrag zur Senkung der CO₂‐Emissionen leistet.