钢球检测用展开轮表面微结构增摩降磨特性分析

针对钢球缺陷检测过程中,镜面钢球打滑引起的滑动摩擦导致展开轮磨损这一问题,以实现展开轮增摩降磨为目标,提出将微结构应用于钢球展开轮表面的方法.首先,应用激光微造型技术在T10A试件表面加工不同特征参数凹坑微结构,采用单因素法在MMW-1立式万能磨擦试验机上进行点接触干滑动摩擦试验;在综合考虑局部激光硬化和几何参数对磨损性能影响的基础上,结合试验数据建立基于Archard理论的微结构磨损模型;最后通过仿真技术及磨损试验验证磨损模型的正确性,进而对微结构特征参数进行优选.结果表明:在点接触干滑动摩擦工况下,提出的三种微结构表面均可以实现增摩降磨;建立的磨损模型能准确地计算磨损系数用以分析实际工况的磨损特性;优选了凹坑面积在S_2~S_4范围内的菱形微结构.提出的方法为钢球表面缺陷检测设备提供了技术支持,所建的磨损模型为干摩擦状态下凹坑微结构表面磨损程度的预测提供了理论参考.     

动车组车轮轮缘塑性变形白层组织分析

本文作者对动车组ER8C车轮轮缘白层的微观组织进行了观察,重点对由于剧烈塑性变形而形成的白层进行了分析和探讨.在光镜下可以观察到白层厚为3~18μm,分布不连续.在扫描电镜下,塑性变形白层主要有两种类型:一种为经塑性变形作用而细化的组织和经动态再结晶作用得到的铁素体纳米晶,后者具有纳米量级的铁素体晶粒.白层内的碳化物数量与塑性变形程度及运行过程中的温升有关,越接近表层未溶碳化物越少、晶粒越小.白层形成机制主要分为两种:一种为反复塑性变形作用的机制,导致铁素体破碎细化同时伴随碳化物碎化溶解;另一种为变形与一定温升综合作用的机制,表层发生动态再结晶而形成超细晶粒组织并伴随碳化物溶解,后者在超细晶粒形成中起主导作用.     

轮轨滚动接触力学的发展

轮轨滚动接触力学主要研究轮轨滚动接触过程中的作用行为。由于其研究的复杂性,目前在该领域的研究已基本形成既独立又关联的六个分支,它们分别是轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论、轮轨粘着、接触表面波浪形磨损、轮轨滚动疲劳、脱轨和轮轨噪音。本文综述了这几个方面研究的发展历史和现状。由于轮轨滚动接触作用的研究又是以轮轨滚动接触蠕滑率/力理论为基础的,故本文着重评述目前常用于车辆/轨道动力学和轮轨关系研究中几个经典滚动接触理论模型的优缺点。根据实际工程中轮轨作用存在的严重问题,并提出轮轨滚动接触理论及其试验在今后的研究方向和所要考虑的有关重要因素。      

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ECCENTRIC WHEELS ALONG SLOPE FROM PURE ROLLING TO CONTINUOUS BOUNCING

研究了第十一届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛团体赛中轮子跳高试题的偏心圆轮方案,建立了无初速度释放的偏心圆轮沿斜面纯滚动到连续跳动的动力学理论模型,分析了弹跳现象的产生条件,研究了纯滚动到连续弹跳的动力学过程,给出了斜面倾角、初始释放角和摩擦系数等因素对跳跃行为的影响。     

不同轮轨接触模型在车桥耦合振动中的比较

以工程实例为研究对象,建立了整车-整桥系统耦合振动数值分析模型。考虑车轮的跳轨和挤密情况,建立了单边弹簧-阻尼系统弹性轮轨接触模型。采用基于多体系统动力学和有限元法结合的联合仿真技术,计算了两种轮轨接触时动车组列车以不同车速通过大跨度连续桥梁的耦合振动响应。数值计算结果表明:两种轮轨接触模型的桥梁动力响应比较接近;列车的横向轮轨力、轮重减载率和脱轨系数相差较大,当速度为350km/h时,横向轮轨力增大了46.5%,轮重减载率增大了130.8%,脱轨系数增大了24.66%;用单边-弹簧阻尼系统弹性轮轨接触模型更符合实际。     

Experimental study and analysis on driving wheels’ performance for planetary exploration rovers moving in deformable soil

Planetary rovers are different from conventional terrestrial vehicles in many respects, making it necessary to investigate the terramechanics with a particular focus on them, which is a hot research topic at the budding stage. Predicting the wheel-soil interaction performance from the knowledge of terramechanics is of great importance to the mechanical design/evaluation/optimization, dynamics simulation, soil parameter identification, and control of planetary rovers. In this study, experiments were performed using a single-wheel testbed for wheels with different radii (135 and 157.35 mm), widths (110 and 165 mm), lug heights (0, 5, 10, and 15 mm), numbers of lugs (30, 24, 15, and 8), and lug inclination angles (0°, 5°, 10°, and 20°) under different slip ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, etc.). The influences of the vertical load (30 N, 80 N, and 150 N), moving velocity (10, 25, 40, and 55 mm/s), and repetitive passing (four times) were also studied. Experimental results shown with figures and tables and are analyzed to evaluate the wheels’ driving performance in deformable soil and to draw conclusions. The driving performance of wheels is analyzed using absolute performance indices such as drawbar pull, driving torque, and wheel sinkage and also using relative indices such as the drawbar pull coefficient, tractive efficiency, and entrance angle. The experimental results and conclusions are useful for optimal wheel design and improvement/verification of wheel-soil interaction mechanics model. The analysis methods used in this paper, such as those considering the relationships among the relative indices, can be referred to for analyzing the performance of wheels of other vehicles.     

Effects of tire inflation pressure and tractor velocity on dynamic wheel load and rear axle vibrations

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of agricultural tire characteristics on variations of wheel load and vibrations transmitted from the ground to the tractor rear axle. The experiments were conducted on an asphalt road and a sandy loam field using a two-wheel-drive self-propelled farm tractor at different combinations of tractor forward speeds of approximately 0.6, 1.6 and 2.6 m/s, and tire inflation pressures of 330 and 80 kPa. During experiments, the vertical wheel load of the left and right rear wheels, and the roll, bounce and pitch accelerations of the rear axle center were measured using strain-gage-based transducers and a triaxial accelerometer. The wavelet and Fourier analyses were applied to measured data in order to investigate the effects of self-excitations due to non-uniformity and lugs of tires on the wheel-load fluctuation and rear axle vibrations. Values for the root-mean-square (RMS) wheel loads and accelerations were not strictly proportional and inversely proportional to the forward speed and tire pressure respectively. The time histories and frequency compositions of synthesized data have shown that tire non-uniformity and tire lugs significantly excited the wheel load and accelerations at their natural frequencies and harmonics. These effects were strongly affected by the forward speed, tire pressure and ground deformation.     

Systematic design and development of a flexible wheel for low mass lunar rover

Low mass compact rovers provide cost effective means to explore extra-terrestrial terrains. Use of flexible wheels in such applications where the wheel size is restricted, improves traction at reduced slip and sinkage. Design of a flexible wheel for a given mission is a challenging task requiring consideration of stiffness of rim and spokes, stress induced in the wheel, chassis movement during wheel rotation and the operating mode of the wheel. Also, accurate mathematical models are required to save design and development time and reduce the number of prototypes for selection. It is observed that most of the research papers deal with performance testing of flexible wheels and information on analytical formulation is scarce. Therefore, in the present work, a methodology has been formulated to systematically design a flexible wheel for a low mass lunar rover. The prototype performance is tested and compared with analytical estimates and reasons for difference are investigated. Paper contains details of design criteria, mathematical modelling, realisation of wheel prototype, test fixture and analysis test comparison. Authors believe that this work provides a useful aid to the designer to systematically design flexible wheels for low mass lunar rovers.     

BL-1型轮轨润滑成膜膏的研制及其综合性能考察

BL-1型轮轨润滑成膜膏是中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所为火车车轮轮缘与钢轨侧面研制的一种专用粘稠膏状润滑剂,系由润滑油脂、固体润滑剂、金属氧化物、稀土氟化物和增粘剂等配制而成,具有极高的承载能力、低的摩擦系数及良好的抗磨和抗冲击性能。其在半径约为300m的曲线钢轨上使用半年的结果表明,钢轨的平均磨损量是0.5mm,仅为机械油润滑时的1/4,材料消耗费仅为机械油的1/7,因而是一种实用价值很高的轮轨润滑剂。BL-1型轮轨润滑成膜膏的润滑效果比机械油的高两倍,可以明显地降低磨损,延长火车车轮和铁路钢轨的使用寿命,提高机车牵引动力的有效利用率。     

Linear normal stress under a wheel in skid for wheeled mobile robots running on sandy terrain

Wheeled mobile robots are often used on high risk rough terrain. Sandy terrains are widely distributed and tough to traverse. To successfully deploy a robot in sandy environment, wheel-terrain interaction mechanics in skid should be considered. The normal and shear stress is the basis of wheel-soil interaction modeling, but the normal stress in the rear region on the contact surface is computed through symmetry in classical terramechanics equations. To calculate that directly, a new reference of wheel sinkage is proposed. Based on the new reference, both the wheel sinakge and the normal stress can be given using a quadratic equation as the function of wheel-soil contact angle. Moreover, the normal stress can be expressed as a linear function of the wheel sinkage by introducing a constant coefficient named as sand stiffness in this paper. The linearity is demonstrated by the experimental data obtained using two wheels and on two types of sands. The sand stiffness can be estimated with high accuracy and it decreases with the increase of skid ratio due to the skid-sinkage phenomenon, but increases with the increase of vertical load. Furthermore, the sand stiffness can be utilized directly to compare the stiffness of various sandy terrains.